Power relations in Adrienne Rich's 'I Dream I"m the Death of Orpheus' and 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

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Many of Adrienne Rich's poems deal with unequal power relations in society, looking at the marginalisation of various groups, which Rich herself, can identify with. "I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus", from Rich's anthology The Will to Change (171; page 11) was written at a time when Rich began writing more like a feminist, rather than a general humanist. She began writing with a sense of formality and ceased to avoid woman's political issues. "I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus" presents a strong persona with a capable mind, but who is still restricted by society's traditional stereotypes for women. Similarly, the subject of another of Rich's poems, "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers", page 4 from Rich's anthology A Change of World (151), is also shown as a restricted, confined woman in such a society, although, in contrast, the subject does not seem to have the same confidence. The subject, Aunt Jennifer, succumbs to society and the stereotypes it controls, by allowing herself to be powered and accept her role within her environment. "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" was written much before "I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus" and holds more universal meaning than the feminist outlook that is in her later works. Rich's earlier poems were very traditional, lyrical poems that did avoid woman's issues, and a large development can be seen in comparing these classical poems to her more truthful and sometimes confrontational works. Rich examines unequal power relations, through these two poems, first from a universal, humanist approach, accepting that woman are expected to behave according to certain stereotypes, and then secondly from a strong feminist approach, with a similar issue, but a different sentiment.

"I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus" refers to an ancient Greek myth involving the son of the god Apollo and muse Calliope, Orpheus. Orpheus was killed by the followers of Dionysus (the god of wine and vegetation) when they discovered him mourning his wife's death. The followers became angry at his refusal to join in with their high spirits and so they threw stones at him. Orpheus charmed the stones with his music so they would not hurt him and when the followers of Dionysus saw this, they slew him and threw him into the stream. The "Death of Orpheus" that Rich is referring to is Orpheus' nymph wife, Eurydice, as the followers of Dionysus only slew Orpheus because he was so mournful of his wife's death. The sadness and loneliness killed him because nobody could accept his pain. The persona of the poem continually speaks of being free, strong and proud. "I am a woman in the prime of life" is repeated in the poem and suggests that the persona is very happy with her place in herself, and while she recognises that she does have strength and power, she realises that her "powers [are] severely limited/by authorities" within her society. She enhances the image of being a powerful woman by describing herself as "a woman with a certain mission" and "a woman with the nerves of a panther". Anyone with a mission sounds important and she goes on to say that she will gain power if she is "obeyed", and the use of such a wild and noble creature, such as the panther, enhances the image of power being displayed. The persona realises that whatever power she possesses is useless in the society that she belongs to, as all women are "sworn to lucidity". The persona continually dreams of holding power in society where it is openly recognised, but knows she is not free to. This links to the title and myth behind the poem, as the persona may wish to be as free as a nymph, as nymphs are known to be spirits of nature, and are young and beautiful. The word to focus on in the title is "Dream", as the persona, who throughout is represented as being strong minded and proud of herself and her powers, is still left to dream about her freedom, rather than live it. She is aware that society's traditions and stereotypes do not allow her the freedom she desires and dreams of having, as Greek nymphs had. Rich examines the unequal power relations from the perspective of a woman who longs for freedom from the constraints of society, voicing what many women were dreaming.

Rich's poem "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" was written roughly twenty years before "I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus", but deals closely with the same issues of the marginalisation of women. The issue is enhanced in importance, however, because the problem is observed from an onlooker who plays the role of persona in this poem, therefore suggesting that the issue is an obvious one in society that is avoided. The persona watches the subject of the poem, Aunt Jennifer, discussing the restrictions that Aunt Jennifer faces in society, and the impact that a traditional marriage has had on their Aunt. The poem begins with Aunt Jennifer creating a decorative screen, covered in wild, fearless tigers, prancing through the trees, above men. This image, alone, expresses Aunt Jennifer's desire for escape and freedom, as she exhibits these desires through her art, with the tigers as a representation of herself, with the power to be above men in society. The poem then turns to the burden that marriage is to her, with the persona describing the duty as "The massive weight of Uncle's wedding band/Sits heavily upon Aunt Jennifer's hand". Working with the rhyming couplets, the use of "band" and "hand" adds a harsh and abrupt feeling to the sentence, intensifying the image of the wedding band and it's restrictions. The last stanza of "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" speaks of when Aunt Jennifer is dead, suggesting that the pressures and constraints of society will stay with her in the after-life. The persona presumes that "When Aunt Jennifer is dead, her terrified hands will lie/ Still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by." This suggests that Aunt Jennifer was very much controlled by her husband and was terrified so greatly that an onlooker was able to notice her fear. The persona however, while realising that the subject was riddled by ordeals, brings the focus of the poem back to the screen created by Aunt Jennifer, as the wild tigers that Aunt Jennifer desires to be like, "Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid." This suggestion of Rich's acknowledges that there is definite inequality in the power relations within society, but women deeply desire their freedom and express it through other means, so as not to be criticised by the dominant element in society.

Though written at completely different stages of Adrienne Rich's writing development, both "I Dream I'm the Death of Orpheus" and "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" focus on the marginalisation of women in society and the way in which they are forced to obey and not dispute their position. The poems accent the power and freedom of the female mind, while also emphasise the lack of ability or more closely, permission to voice their opinions or do anything about it. Rich examines the dominant role that men have in society and the ways in which they oppress women into thinking that they are lesser-humans and insignificant. Though looking at the slight change in direction between the two poems, it is obvious that Rich was developing a voice and encouraging other women too as well. Rich can identify to the marginalisation of woman and makes it evident that many women long/ed for freedom.

Please note that this sample paper on power relations in Adrienne Rich's 'I Dream I"m the Death of Orpheus' and 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on power relations in Adrienne Rich's 'I Dream I"m the Death of Orpheus' and 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on power relations in Adrienne Rich's 'I Dream I"m the Death of Orpheus' and 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Analysis of Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est

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Dulce et Decorum Est a Poetry Response

Wilfred Owen was a war poet who fought and died in the trenches of France. He dedicated his works to revealing the atrocities and hardships of war, which the British government had tried to keep hidden from the British public. One of Owen's more powerful works, "Dulce et Decorum Est", depicts the appalling conditions in which the soldiers of World War 1 fought under, and is written so skillfully, that every reader is left with numerous grotesque images embedded in his or her mind.

The three stanzas in the poem all serve a different purpose, each strengthening the influence the poem has on readers, and developing the message in a different way. The poem illustrates the sickening death of a man who loses his life during a gas attack and would have made quite an impression on wartime readers, to whom such atrocities were unknown.

The poem makes such a strong impression because of the effectiveness of each stanza and how successfully they integrate with each other. The first stanza is dedicated to establishing in the reader's mind just how horrendous the soldiers' surroundings were, how hopeless their situation was and how near to death they were. Owen's use of similes and words such as "trudge", "marched asleep" and "Drunk with fatigue" stresses the fact that the soldiers were no longer strong, vigorous and healthy young heroes, but were now tired and wretched souls more suitably compared with "old beggars under sacks". This stanza makes for a startling and attention grabbing beginning to the poem.

Having established in the readers' mind how impossible the soldiers' situation was, Owen abruptly changes his style of writing from descriptive to active. This about face in style ‘jerks' the readers' mind to attention, drawing him into the poem and emphasizing how at any time the soldiers' situation could become deadly. His use of the word ‘ecstasy' when describing the ‘fumbling' which ultimately leads to the death of a man is unusual, but because the word is normally associated with the heightening of emotions, it is quite suitable to describe a life or death situation. The exhaustion and weariness of the first stanza is obliterated by the use of the word ‘ecstasy'. It stresses the adrenalin that rushes through the soldiers when their lives are put in danger and also creates a peculiar sort of confusion for the reader. "Flound'ring like a man in fire or lime" and "As under a green sea, I saw him drowning." describe how quickly the mustard gas engulfed and consumed the man, like a vast ocean overwhelming its victim and drowning him.

Owen's third and final stanza is probably the most powerful and confronting of the poem. In it, Owen is attempting to correct the people encouraging young men to fight in the war by saying that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country. He relates the experience of walking behind a wagon being used to transport the body of a dead man who had "blood come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs", and having to "watch the white eyes writhing in his face" in an incredibly successful attempt to convince his audience that most men's deaths during war were not heroic but horrific. To establish a connection between the reader and his writing, Owen makes use of the reader's senses to ensure that the final stanza makes a real impact on the reader.

"If in some smothering dreams you too could pace

Behind the wagon that we flung him in,

And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,

His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;"

In this phrase, the poet is making use of the reader's sense of sight, attempting to implant in the reader's mind some of the sickening sights which he bore witness to. Owen also uses the same technique for hearing and taste.

The poem's purpose is quite simple. The poet is attempting to make it clear in people's minds that war is not pleasant, and that encouraging young men to go to war is both wrong and outrageous. To do this, he describes the grotesque and pathetic demise of a soldier whose death was not ‘sweet'; nor was it glorious. The man was not and would never be considered a hero; his death did not help the war effort; he was not happy to die and during his death did not feel or act like a hero. Throughout the poem Owen depicts the wretched and monstrous conditions the soldiers fought in, how fatigued war had made them, and how near to death they all were at all times. In his final stanza, the poet draws together all the images which he has embedded in the reader's mind, and twists them all into an argument against the way his society was encouraging young men to go to war. Then, in his final sentence, Owen assures the people encouraging children to die for their country, that if they had experienced the atrocities he had, they would not be able to bring themselves to tell anybody that a death during wartime is ‘sweet' and ‘fitting'.

It is Wilfred Owen's use of similes and metaphors and his choice of words that makes "Dulce et Decorum Est" such an influential poem. His words are simple but incredibly powerful and forthright capturing the blunt and dangerous nature of warfare.

"Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots

But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; .…."

"Blood-shod" is a very basic word, but one that creates a strong image very simply. It makes the reader feel the pain of the soldiers' feet, having to walk without any foot protection. "Dulce et Decorum Est" is adorned with words just as effective as ‘Blood-shod', so effective in fact, that Owen is able to manipulate the reader's mind, making the reader feel as if he is actually experiencing war for himself. Owen reinforces the power of his words through his incredibly skilled use of similes and metaphors. "And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime" is a brilliant simile, giving an image of a man flailing about with no hope of survival as he is overwhelmed by mustard gas. It is the metaphors and similes such as,

"Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud

Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues"

Which bring to life the terrible atrocities of war, and embed unpleasant and grotesque images in readers' minds. The poem does have rhyme throughout, however it does not have much effect on the poem, and would probably go unnoticed by most readers.

Owen's purpose in "Dulce et Decorum Est" is to discourage young men from going to participate in World War 1, and this message may be a little dated at the present time. However, the poem is not made irrelevant because of this. Instead of being read as a warning against participating in war, it can now be read as a warning to never let war establish itself and once again wreak havoc on our society. Or it could be read simply to establish in a person's mind that war is far from glorious, and that war should be avoided at all costs.

The use of similes and metaphors, words and clever structure of "Dulce et Decorum Est" makes it a powerful and incredibly confronting poem which I would recommend to anyone. This truly is a timeless masterpiece, which I do not believe could ever become out dated. I believe that our society is becoming more relaxed about war. People are resorting to violence more readily than trying to work it out and poems such as "Dulce et Decorum Est" are now needed to remind people of the atrocities of war and what its violence results in. I also believe that youths today do not have a great understanding of war, and that if they continue to go uneducated about wars' devastation and severity, than they are more likely to become involved in war. "Dulce et Decorum Est" and other war poems could provide this education.

Please note that this sample paper on Analysis of Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analysis of Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est, we are here to assist you. Your paper on Analysis of Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Pre world war 1 poetry essay

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Compare the different ways in which

the idea of love has been treated and presented

in any poems you have studied.

A popular medium to use in the 16th-1th century was love poetry. People used poetry to express their feelings and emotions to other people. For example In the 16th and 17th centuries, sonnets a common form of romantic poetry, were written in that time to express their feeling of love towards their partner or lover.

However love has many different emotions, positive and negative. For example, friendship, enduring and love are all positive, but on the other hand love can be jealous, possessive and frustrated. These poems cover the whole range of emotions.

Two poems which illustrate this are, ‘Porphyria's Lover' by Robert Browning, and ‘Shall I Compare Thee…?' by William Shakespeare. Poems were given to their wives or lovers, as a gift, not unlike the flowers or box of chocolates that we give today; although, poems were seen to immortalise the women's beauty, or sometimes their love for each other.

‘Porphyrias lover', written by Robert Browning, is about a woman called Porphyria who goes to meet her lover in a cottage, when the weather outside is particularly stormy. Porphyria walks in and warms the cottage and the mood completely changes. Porphyria looks into her lover's eyes, and says how she loves him, her lover becomes very jealous and possessive, then is driven to murdering Porphyria at the precise moment of true love; with her own hair.

Porphyria's lover is a narrative poem, written in archaic romantic language of the 1th century. The poem's rhyming scheme is in Ballad Form that tells a story. The nature of love in this poem is very possessive; Porphyria is murdered as an act of sheer jealousy and possessiveness.

It begins with a perfect example of pathetic fallacy (when the weather reflects the human mood)

"The rain set early into night,

The sullen wind was soon awake,

It tore the Elm tops down for spite,"

The raging wind and storm, the first three lines immediately portray the idea that something bad is going to happen such as the murder of Porphyria, it sets a threatening mood and suggests danger. This sentence is also an example of personification; ‘The sullen wind was soon awake, It tore the elm tops down for spite,' the wind doesn't wake up and tear things down in anger, but in doing this Robert Browning emphasises the idea of a really bad storm. The words ‘sullen', which means moody and glum, and ‘spite', which means anger and bitterness are adjectives to describe human emotions, so using these words gives the reader the idea that the tree is alive.

When Porphyria enters the cottage the tone of the poem changes completely; it is no longer violent or angry, it is quite warm and sexual

"When glided in Porphyria; straight

She shut the cold out and the storm…

…and all the cottage warm…

…And made her smooth white shoulder bare"

She changes the mood of the poem and introduces romance. The way in which Porphyria enters and makes her shoulder bare, would in the 1th Century be considered to be quite a sexual image.

Robert Browning uses imagery to put across his ideas, for example; in line 4 Porphyria's lover says

"As a shut bud holds a bee,

I warily opened her lids again

Laughed the blue eyes without a stain."

This simile tells us that Porphyria's lover is afraid to open Porphyrias eyes; like you would if you were to open a flower that has an agitated bee trapped inside, in doing this he also tells us that he does show some remorse and that he fears the consequences for what he has done.

He also uses a technique called pathos, which is used to elicit sympathy from the reader to the certain person or thing

"Three times her little throat around…

…The smiling rosy little head"

The use of the word little is used to portray Porphyria as vulnerable, weak and fragile.

The motive for the killing of Porphyria is very possessive and selfish, which at first seems like an unpredictable murder; judging by the mood of the poem. There seemed to be no suggestion of a murder, but then when I looked at the poem in more depth, I realised that the actions of Porphyria's killer could have been predicted. The mood of the poem goes from being romantic and sexual, to being quite excited and anxious. Then Porphyria's lover becomes confused and his heart begins to race.

After the murder Porphyria's lover feels that what he had done was a good thing

"And all night long we have not stirred,

And yet God has not said a word!"

He feels that God has not punished him for what he has done, so it was a justified murder.

This makes me feel quite sorry for Porphyria, as she has been strangled to death with her own hair, because of an over possessive lover. And yet the murderer feels as if he has done the right thing. I believe that Porphyria's lover is an egotistical, over possessive and selfish lover. The love in this poem is a negative emotion, because the lover only wants to keep Porphyria for himself.

The second poem I am going to write about is ‘Shall I compare thee…?', written by William Shakespeare in the 16th century. It is a love poem written to Shakespeare's wife comparing her to a summers' day and it provides a contrast in mood and tone to Porphyrias Lover.

It is a sonnet; a poem written in iambic pentameter with 14 lines (three quatrains and one rhyming couplet) and has short thesis, which are very condensed. The rhyming scheme of the poem is the same as a standard sonnet. The tone of this poem is celebratory, generous, affectionate, respectful and romantic. Although the romance in this poem is not selfish or possessive like Porphyria's Lover, the romance is generous rather than possessive the poet wishes to celebrate the love and the beauty of his lover.

The poem begins with a rhetorical question

"Shall I compare thee to a summers day?"

This is a rhetorical question because Shakespeare doesn't need to reply to the question, as we already know the answer. She is more Perfect than a summers day because summer has its imperfections Summer does not last forever, even in the summer the weather can still turn bad, and sometimes the heat gets too much.

"Summer's lease hath all to short a date"

Summer doesn't last forever and is often too short; this is what Shakespeare is trying to tell us here. But his lovers beauty on the other hand does last forever, so she is better than summer.

After each Quatrain the Shakespeare begins a new idea. In the first quatrain the idea is that she is more beautiful than a summers day, in the second the idea is that summer has its faults, and in the third he explains that the lines on the poem immortalize her beauty.

"Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines."

Sometimes the sun gets too hot but she does not. The eye of heaven is a metaphor for the sun

In the last quatrain as I explained, portrays the idea that the poem immortalizes her beauty, even as we read it now we imagine this lady's beauty, and so to a certain extent Shakespeare was right

"Nor shall death brag thou wandr'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,"

This is a pun as the reference to lines could mean the lines on your face but that would not make her eternally beautiful; what he means is the lines of the poem, as it is his words, which have captured her beauty and allows us to imagine her.

"So long as men can breath and eyes can see

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee."

As long as the poem survives so does her beauty concealed in the poems lines. His poem has immortalized her beauty.

Shakespeare also uses the sounds of the words to put across the mood of the poem. He uses a technique called sibilance, which is the repetition of the ‘s' or ‘sh' sound. Although he also uses the ‘f', ‘w' and ‘m' sounds which like ‘s' sounds are relaxed and calm. Using ‘s', ‘f', ‘w' and ‘m', which are soft and gentle sounds, are appropriate for the soft gentle mood of the poem.

"Nor shall death brag thou wandr'st in his shade,"

This sentence has a calm feel to it because of the soft sounding words in it, which in turn makes the mood of the poem calm and relaxed.

I think that this poem would have been an excellent gift to give to your wife, as it is not selfish and possessive like Porphyria's Lover but it is generous, positive, enduring and romantic

Although these two poems share a common theme of love, they differ in several ways

· Shall I compare thee has a romantic and selfless theme of love, whereas Porphyria's lover is selfish sexual and to the end quite morbid and sombre.

· The tone of the poem in Porphyria's Lover changes throughout but Shall I compare thee has a constant tone.

The poem I most preferred was Porphyria's lover as it was dramatic and interesting, it was also narrative which I think makes it more interesting as it has a beginning, middle and end.

Please note that this sample paper on pre world war 1 poetry essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pre world war 1 poetry essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on pre world war 1 poetry essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Vietnam Orange

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Though the American war in Viêt Nam has been over for almost 0 years, hundreds of thousands of innocent children still suffer horrific, painfully sad birth deformities and other illnesses, as the effects of Agent Orange defoliant used by Americans enters a third generation.

Between 16 and 171, the US employed chemical weapons by spraying more than 75 million litres of defoliants, containing almost 75 pounds of dioxin - the most dangerous chemical known to man - over massive areas of southern Viêt Nam. The chemical defoliants main purpose was to destroy Viêt Nams dense tropical foliage and mountain jungles that served as excellent cover for the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Viêt Cong. It was also used to clear L.Z.s, or helicopter landing zones and to push back concealing foliage around air bases, army posts and roads, as well as to destroy croplands potentially used by enemy forces and to compel farmers to leave their homes for concentration camps, or pacified areas controlled by US or South Vietnamese forces.

Along with other chemical weapons - including Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent White, Agent Blue and Agent Pink, Agent Orange and Agent Super Orange were extremely successful in turning lush tropical forests into barren wastelands that are today still believed to be irreversibly altered. Agent Orange accounted for approximately 60% of all defoliants used, which in total destroyed 50% of Viêt Nams mangrove forests and had serious effects on wildlife populations.

The contamination of Viêt Nam with dioxin, had its beginnings during WWII in the laboratory of Professor E. J. Kraus - of the University of Chicagos botany department. Kraus had contacted the War Department with the discovery of specific plant hormones that regulate growth. Although military testing began immediately on the hormone scientifically named ,4-dichorophenoxyacetic (,4-D ) - which in heavy doses killed broadleaf plants endemic to the tropics - WWII ended before any real combat applications were possible.

Testing continued after the war, and different versions of the herbicide appeared in commercial use for lawn care and other applications including railroad track maintenance. Meanwhile, army scientists had further developed the discovery into a potent mixture of ,4-D and the closely related ,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyaxetic, ( ,4,5-T ) which contained as a by-product of the manufacturing process, ,,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin. By 161 Americas new weapon was considered ready for use in antiguerrilla warfare.

The Kennedy administrations military establishment was eager to field test this powerful new weapon in Viêt Nam, and in 16 Operation Hades - aka Ranch Hand, whose odious motto became, Only You Can Prevent Forests - began its massive defoliation program. By 171 - with the discontinuance of the spraying operation - US forces destroyed about one-tenth of southern Viêt Nam, by dumping on it a total of more than 75,000,000 litres of dioxin laced chemical herbicides.

Forty years later these ecosystems and populated areas are still considered highly toxic by Vietnamese authorities and other western scientists. It is believed that Agent Orange is responsible for more than 150,000 cases of varying birth deformities and about 1,000,000 other major health maladies including respiratory cancer, skin disease, heart disease and diabetes.

Vietnamese researchers believe that the dioxin from Agent Orange has moved through the food chain into people living in contaminated areas. They also know that NVA soldiers who served in southern battlefields were contaminated in a number of different ways including through direct exposure. However, with a still developing economy the Vietnamese government has lacked sufficient funds to fully study the effects of the dioxin - and the limited money available is spent on medical care.

Organizations including - but not limited to - the Vietnam Red Cross, Tu Du Hospital, Friendship Village (operated by the Vietnam Veterans Association), Thanh Xuan-Peace Village and the Centre of Thai Binh Social Sponsoring all do miraculous work in caring for children suffering from Agent Orange related illnesses who to some degree can care for themselves. Vocational training plays an important part with capable children, who learn skills that allow them to integrate into society regardless of their disabilities. Unfortunately, Viêt Nams financial and medical resources are not able to cope with the extremely ill and disabled who need constant daily care, and sadly thousands of disenfranchised children live in pained obscurity never receiving vital medical care.

The most comprehensive study done to date on Agent Orange, is by Vancouver based Hatfield Consultants Ltd. - which specializes in providing environmental impact assessment services to a wide range of clients. HCL has been studying the effects of Agent Orange dioxin in The Aluoi Valley, Viêt Nam - 65 km west of Hue - since 14 and their report confirms high dioxin contamination of human blood, breast milk, pond sediment, fish and soil in this area.

However, the US refuses to recognize any study on the effects of Agent Orange in Viêt Nam as definitive, and Washingtons official stance on this issue has always been to dispute the limited Vietnamese research as insufficient and inconclusive. A complete contradiction if one considers that in 17 the US passed law to permit studies into the effects of Agent Orange exposure on its servicemen. After four years of perceived government inaction, US veterans filed a class action lawsuit against 7 major Agent Orange manufacturers. Then in 184, the US Federal High Court confirmed that $180 million would be indemnified to the 15,000 war veteran claimants - with health problems considered caused by Agent Orange - although eventually 50,000 claims would be filed.

Finally, an historic three day conference took place this past March in Ha Ni between American and Vietnamese scientists, to arrive at a definitive conclusion regarding the consequences of its chemical warfare program in Viêt Nam.

However, studying the effects of pollutants or toxins on human health are extremely difficult, timely and costly to conduct, and largely conclude with the necessity for more research. Skeptics pose the following questions, how can you prove a persons exposure or contact with the toxin, the degree of exposure received, and the possible effects of exposure. In determining health outcomes scientists look for cause and effect. For example, as it is widely accepted that lung cancer may be caused by cigarette smoking, you can account for the disease in an individual who smokes, but how do you account for lung cancer in someone who does not smoke, or an individual who smokes and never gets the disease?

If the new joint study is said again by US officials to be inconclusive, can they continue to morally deny that given the facts about dioxin and Agent Orange use in Viêt Nam, a real possibility does exist that there are Vietnamese victims of dioxin contamination - and that appropriate aide reaches those that need it.

Therefore - in order to reach a just conclusion - it is paramount that known facts play a part in determining dioxin poisoning in Viêt Nam. In respect to the Agent Orange used during American spraying operations in southern Viêt Nam, we know this. Agent Orange was reported to be contaminated with dioxin levels between 0.05 parts per million to almost 50. parts per million - the mean contamination was considered to be between 0.50 - .0 parts per million. We also know that the dioxin levels in domestic preparations of ,4,5-T were present in much lower concentrations around 0.05 ppm, which made the stock shipped to Viêt Nam as much as 1,000 times more lethal.

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Critical thinking

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There are various forms of critical thinking. Some of these are scientific, persuasive, and creative. The type of critical thinking required for the task largely depends on the context in which critical analysis is required. The term "context" refers to everything involving a particular event or development of thought such as social, cultural background, and political beliefs. These are defined as the "forces of influence" when an event occurs. This can also include elements specific to the individual involved such as their gender, culture, educational status, or position within the corporate environment. In the example above, various types of critical thinking would be used. Such as, from the Information Technology department would use scientific thinking. Scientific thinking method is the process by which one recognizes a problem, formulates a hypotheses, uses the hypothesis to predict quantitatively the results, and performs test of the productions. This would involve the process of determining what is compatible with the current systems in place, researching what products offer the flexibility and expandability. Operations and sales would use persuasive critical thinking in a successful marketing and promotion of the product. The key focus would be to discern the key selling points of the product. These points could be logical and would rely on economic influences to persuade the owners of the hotels to provide funds for the new system. This would show what advantages the new system has over the system currently in place. By definition persuasive critical thinking is.. The forces of influences for the goal of a new payroll system involve the characteristics of three different audiences. These are the payroll associates, management (both corporate and field) and the owners. Their work culture and their managers would influence the payroll associates. The general managers influence would be based in both educational background and ethics. From the general managers point of view the system implemented would have to require little training. In addition, since most of the payrolls done are manually, most general managers do not take the time to thoroughly research problems, and instead hide issues. With the automated system, this would force the general managers to pay more attention to detail and become responsible for their actions. In addition, education plays a key roll depending on their background concerning technology and what influence computer literacy will play on their training.a. Describe the setting.

b. Frame the problem in two different ways, each reflecting specific forces of influence.

c. Describe the type(s) of thinking used, such as logical, scientific, persuasive, or creative.

d. Examine other forces of influence, such as gender, culture, ethnicity, birth order, religion, race, economic status, ethics, etc., that can influence the way a problem is framed.

e. Provide an answer to the dilemma, "How do we accept each other's differences and still get anything done?

This paper will discuss an organizational problem in my work place. I will first describe the issue. I will then frame this issue in two different ways. Next, I will describe the types of thinking used for each problem. Next I will examine the forces of influence that can influence the way the problem is framed. Lastly I will provide an answer to the dilemma.

About a year ago, a corporation team was put together to look at ways to cut the cost of printing, scanning, faxing and coping throughout the organization. After presenting their findings the stakeholeders made a the descision to replace all network and standalone printers, faxes, scanners and copiers with centrally located Multi functioning devices. This project was called the "Impress project".

The first stage of the Impress project was to identify the amount of usage of ever employee at our site. After this data was acquired a team was put together to recommend the number of Multi-Functional devises and where they would be located. This Info was given to the sites stakeholders and the final decision was made. The next stage was the implementation of these devices. These devices were physically placed in their predetermined location. They were then connected to the network. Then Servers were installed and access to these devices was granted to all users. Next all network printers were removed from the network and donated to the local schools. The stakeholders decide not to remove any personal devices until they were broken or required some maintenance.The corporation's new Centalize Multifuntional Device policy was then put in place. This policy states that no personal printers, faxes, scanners or copiers could be purchased. There are a few exceptions to this policy. These are if these devices are needed fin the HR or finance departments and the user prints private info that other department members shouldn't see or if it is for executives and executive secretaries. The

After the implementation there were some problems with this new policy. The first issue is that people complained that the Multi-functional device was located much to far from their location. They feel that it is very unproductive for them to get up and walk this far to do their printing and copying some change that the end user needed to get use too.

There are various forms of critical thinking. Some of these are scientific, persuasive, and creative. The type of critical thinking required for the task largely depends on the context in which critical analysis is required. The term "context" refers to everything involving a particular event or development of thought such as social, cultural background, and political beliefs. These are defined as the "forces of influence" when an event occurs. This can also include elements specific to the individual involved such as their gender, culture, educational status, or position within the corporate environment. In the example above, various types of critical thinking would be used. Such as, from the Information Technology department would use scientific thinking. Scientific thinking method is the process by which one recognizes a problem, formulates a hypotheses, uses the hypothesis to predict quantitatively the results, and performs test of the productions. This would involve the process of determining what is compatible with the current systems in place, researching what products offer the flexibility and expandability. Operations and sales would use persuasive critical thinking in a successful marketing and promotion of the product. The key focus would be to discern the key selling points of the product. These points could be logical and would rely on economic influences to persuade the owners of the hotels to provide funds for the new system. This would show what advantages the new system has over the system currently in place. By definition persuasive critical thinking is.. The forces of influences for th

My answer to the delemia "How do we accept each other's differences and still get anything done?" is change is good. They should be willing to change the way they work if it will save the company money which will in effect help in their job security. This new Impress solution is saving the organization money. As end users we must learn to accept change. forinstance when they print something they don't need to get up and get it right away. They can pick up their print jobs when the go to make copies. They could also print everything at one time and the go pick it up and make copuies while they are there. In my department I will pick up and deliver everyone printouts near my office when I am near the printer.

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Looking Beyond the Sexes

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Looking Beyond the Sexes

Have you ever felt hostility in a relationship and could not figure out where it came from? It may be that the hostility stemmed from resentment that you did not even know existed. Often we resent someone without even recognizing it because we admire something about him or her that we are not capable of achieving for ourselves. One may not agree with Karen Horney's statement that "it is contrary to human nature to sustain appreciation without resentment toward capabilities that one does not possess,"(60) but one must recognize that this envy is complicated by gender so that we do not allow resentment to hinder a relationship with someone of the opposite sex without being aware of the role gender plays. In Karen Horney's essay "The Distrust Between the Sexes," she explains the anxiety between people of the opposite sex. Childhood conflicts and reflections, envy for the opposite sex, and the gender distinction between the sexes, are just a few reasons that there is distrust between the sexes.

First, people are longing for happiness, while setting their expectations too high. Horney states, "All of our unconscious wishes, contradictory in their nature and expanding boundlessly on all sides, are waiting here for their fulfillment" (6). Youngsters are raised to believe that relationships with the opposite sex are their doorways to happiness. People expect their partners to be too many things, which will lead them to disappointment. Society's longing for happiness has so many expectations of what love should be that, in the end, all one has are one's retrospects. Childhood dreams cause a certain eagerness that is handed down by generations. Reflections that people have from their childhood carve the person into what they are as an adult. Horney explains, "The paradise of childhood is most often an illusion with which adults like to deceive themselves"(6). Adults remember their upbringing as a fantasy and try to live their lives around that fantasy. Children and adults are very different, but if a person finds the similarity, it will help them throughout their lives. During youth, conflicts give a person certain anticipations of how the opposite sex will treat a person. Adolescents have many conflicts, which affect part of their adult lives. If a person's opposite sex hurts them in any way, then that person will believe that the opposite sex will always hurt them.

Second, is the envy between sexes. This is completely logical. When envy such as the previous example is between two people of opposite sex, things get complicated. Since Adam and Eve, man has had some sort of sense that a woman is inferior because Eve was made from Adam's ribs, men feel a since of authority over women. These views of men and women still carry on. The very idea of a man being jealous of a woman frustrates males because "male is the better gender." Men tend to discriminate against women and hold double standards for men and women. Women, on the other hand, do not like to be jealous of men because women feel that we should not be envious of someone who has tried to repress us. Such envious behavior between people of opposite sex can cause hostility. A barrier is built between two people when one resents the other. This barrier causes hostility in a relationship because the two people cannot fully appreciate each other. In addition to what Horney says about resentment caused by biological incapability, this resentment can stem from envy of cultural or social incapability as well. To some extent, men envy women's ability to bring life into the world; this is an example of a biological incapability of men(66). Women envy men for creating "states, religion, art, and science"; this is an example of a cultural incapability. Man would not let a woman recreate society because their creation is their claim to fame. Both of these examples of envy between the sexes began long ago. Because men could never bring life into the world, they do seem to have some sort of resentment for women. Likewise, because women could never recreate society, we seem to have resentment toward men. The hostilities stemming from these feelings are obvious in the way women have stood up for themselves in the past decades and tried to turn things around. Men often feel threatened by women who try to break out of the "homemaker" mold to show that women are just as capable in the work field as men. The accepted gender roles are changing, but not without hostility from both directions.

Finally, Gender roles tell women to be passive, nurturing and dependent, while men are expected to be aggressive and independent. While some of these roles may have been useful in the earliest civilizations, technology has rendered them obsolete. Unfortunately, the existence of gender roles over time becomes "evidence" that these differences are biological, and are therefore justifications for the sexual stratification in which they result. Concurrently, roles assigned to women in one society are considered "masculine" in another. Further evidence is the existence of individual choice. Even in biological roles we have choices; a woman may choose not to rear a child. Our choices are limitless beyond gender roles, yet the pressure from family and society to follow the "rules" is powerful. Being confined to these artificial roles, however, puts women at a significant disadvantage because "male" traits such as competitiveness and aggression are considered much more valuable than "female" characteristics. As differences are interpreted as more or less valuable, this notion of difference becomes the rationale for the power differential between the sexes. Horney states that "the struggle for control between women and men is the original power struggle"(68). The human need for power and control stems from the uncertainty of life. We want to control the unforeseeable future, and our inability to do so causes feelings of helplessness and anxiety. One may seek to ease there anxiety by wielding control over other people. This is characteristically a male strategy. The protector convinces himself (along with his protectors) that he is in control. He is given the incredible power to define and label, and to rank order and behavior. Women are often coerced into supporting their controlled status. They are convinced by the male authority that he is filled only with good intentions. But even if the dominant male truly has, his spouse's best interests are heart, he may not know what those best interests are.

Karen Horney's essay may be a little hard to swallow, but she states some good points. Overall this is a well deliberated essay, specifically the points Horney makes regarding the envy of men and women. She gives some good examples and explains well what provokes the distrust between the sexes. An individual may not agree from start to finish with her views on a women's resentment of men, that women may feel somewhat inferior to them because of there ability to recreate society. Our culture is susceptible to honor instructions that are commonly male oriented, states Horney. Yet whether or not this is an outcome of bitterness on the woman's part, it can and does lead to distrust between the sexes.

Distrust between the opposite sexes is the effect from psychological history because of certain standards and expectations people set for themselves and others. From the beginning of time, in general examples, to small everyday examples, it is seen how resentment accompanies envy when the quality cannot be achieved by another and how this envy is complicated by gender. The cultural gender roles are a huge factor in the complication of envy. The struggle for control between women and men is the original power struggle. As differences are interpreted as more or less valuable, this notion of difference becomes the rationale for the power differential between the sexes. As expressed in Karen Horney's essay, expectations can contribute to the distrust between the sexes because of childhood reflections and conflicts, envy of the opposite sex, and the gender distinction between the sexes.

Please note that this sample paper on Looking Beyond the Sexes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Looking Beyond the Sexes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Looking Beyond the Sexes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Global Warming

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Imagine a world where the landlocked state of Idaho is now prime oceanfront property and almost all of the major cities in the world are covered by water, a place where the average temperature ten degrees higher, and instead of California, Canada and Siberia now have the prime agricultural climates and tropical diseases are worldwide (Kyoto 1). This isn't a science fiction movie. It is the predicted worst-case scenario if we continue to pollute the environment with greenhouse gases. Global warming is a serious threat that could threaten the existence of our civilization.

Some suggest that this horrible scenario is impossible and that global warming is all hype and no substance. They blame the global warming frenzy on ulterior political motives, faulty scientific data and a misinformed media. Unfortunately for us, this point of view is wrong and global warming is a serious threat.

Those who argue that it is all political hype say that politicians are making a big deal out of this issue in order to advance their political position. The author of one article dedicated to this viewpoint says, "The VP has been revving up his political engine on high octane global warming hype recently. This is probably the prelude to his expect bid for the White House in the next presidential election. He claims that the signatures of ,500 scientists from the IPCC and record high temperatures this summer should seal the debate forever." He and others who agree argue that these actions by the Vice President are based solely on his political agenda and faulty scientific data. They claim that the data Al Gore is using to base his decisions shows an increase in global temperature but isn't credible because most of the temperatures were taken in urban areas where they can be skewed by the heat conducting properties of concrete and asphalt that are common in urban areas().

This argument does have a point, but there is one inconsistency. Why is Antarctica, a place with no manmade objects, experiencing the warmest years in all of history? There is no denying this fact. Climate records of Antarctica show that in the last half-century temperatures have risen almost degrees Celsius and the ice shelves are disappearing at an alarming rate. "Between 166 and 18 most of the Wordie Ice Shelf, 50 square miles, disappeared. And over the past 18 months, two of the peninsula's largest ice shelves have lost nearly 1,100 square miles of their total area, a sheet of ice about the size of Rhode Island," says Mary Roach, author of "Antarctica's Hot Spot". Nobody can dispute the rising sea levels either, which is an effect of the melting ice.

Another position that many people argue is that the media, who have no hard, cold facts to go by, have blown up the issue of global warming in order to create controversy that will sell more papers and attract more viewers. Unfortunately, the media didn't just cook this scheme up to make more money, they based it on undeniable scientific evidence. The fact that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen drastically is a phenomenon that isn't possible to dispute. Before the industrial revolution, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 70 parts per million. Today it is almost 60 parts per million due to our emissions from burning fossil fuels. "There is no known geologic precedent for large increases of atmospheric CO without simultaneous changes in other components of the carbon cycle and climate system," states ;dj;lad. This means that throughout the earth's geological history, there has never been a case where the CO level has risen and the climate hasn't changed. Scientific evidence from core samples proves this. Unfortunately, today, the rise in CO hasn't been natural as in the past, but has been imposed by us humans. The consequences of this unnatural balance could be devastating.

Global warming occurs because we are spewing emission gases into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. These gases, with carbon dioxide being the main culprit, prevent solar heat from escaping the earth's atmosphere, resulting in a rise in temperature, or the greenhouse effect. Already scientists around the world are detecting the numerous and dangerous effects of global warming. (Johnson 18).

These effects include rising sea levels, killer heat waves, outbreaks of tropical diseases, altered weather patterns, increased numbers of floods and hurricanes, and affected agricultural harvests (Calvin 4).

The most widely accepted effect from global warming is rising sea levels, which could dramatically transform our planet. Polar sea ice and alpine glaciers have been steadily receding over the last two decades (Wheeler 6). If the huge polar ice caps disgorge their enormous volume of fresh water into the sea, the abrupt rise in the sea level will cover coastal and low-lying lands around the globe. Fifty percent of the world's major cites are located on the coast, as well as many natural treasures such as the Florida Everglades and the Hawaiian Islands ("What We've Learned"). All of these coastal areas would be submerged. The sea has already risen four inches since the turn of the century and it is expected to rise much more abruptly. Earth could possibly become a water world (Kyoto 14).

The effect on the world's climate from increasing temperatures could be just as devastating. Floods, droughts, heat waves and plagues are all on the rise. The eleven warmest years in history have occurred since 180. Increasing temperatures will cause much more precipitation in certain parts of the world, leading to many deadly floods (Johnson ). Conversely, other parts of the globe will see a reduction in rainfall and deserts will relentlessly overtake thousands of square miles of habitable land (Sclener 7). Northern areas such as Europe, Russia, Canada, and the northern United States could have milder winters. This at first glance may seem like a good thing. However the changing climates can allow tropical diseases to move into higher latitudes and affect people and animals that have no immunity to the new viruses. Already deadly rodent viruses are showing up in areas of Africa and the American Southwest that were previously unknown to affect humans (Sclener ).

As if these changes in sea level and climate are not scary enough, the changes to agriculture around the world could be the most threatening of all. Many third world countries depend on agriculture for their entire export economy as well as the primary source of food for their citizens. Entire countries could lose their agriculture base because of altered climate patterns (Johnson 55). At our current rate of pollution, all of these disasters are expected to take place in as little as fifty years (Calvin 55).

The phenomenon of global warming is an extremely serious matter. Not just hype as many claim. The scientific evidence of increased greenhouse gases, melting ice sheets and rise in sea level are undeniable facts. If we don't do something to prevent this from increasing, our entire civilization is at risk.

We can stop continued global warming by enticing industries to switch to more energy efficient fuels like natural gas. We can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by driving more fuel efficient cars, installing solar cells on our roofs, and relying more on wind, solar, hydroelectric, and nuclear power for our electricity. The governments of the world need to look past the perceived economic drawbacks of reducing our use of fossil fuels and realize the enormous economic potential of emerging environmental technology that could prevent global warming (Sclener). Global warming is real and we need to stop it now before it is too late.

Please note that this sample paper on Global Warming is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Global Warming, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Global Warming will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES

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SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES

Women incarcerated in United States prisons are among the least empathized and most vulnerable victims of sexual assault. The majority of sexual assault cases inflicted on women in prison are never brought to light due to the fear of the victims' safety, the view that the jailors will not be held accountable for the crime, the lack of appropriate criminal penalties for the abuser, and the simple fact that few care and few know. A recent survey of incarcerated women found that nearly one fifth of the women incarcerated in the United States have experienced forced sexual contact, yet this statistic has failed to spark a national awareness, let alone a national investigation (Rhode A5).

The United States owns the distinction of incarcerating the largest recorded number of prisoners in the world, of which the number of women has increased four hundred percent since 180, according to the Amnesty International website (1-). Twelve states have no law protecting women from sexual abuse while incarcerated (Thomas 1). One reason for these cases of sexual abuse not being discovered is that many prison employees hold the belief that they will not be held accountable for their actions. This is most likely a result of the freedom given to jailors, the same freedom that is often abused.

The Amnesty International website makes known the fact that male prison guards are allowed by law to conduct strip and pat searches, to watch women shower and to monitor female inmates through video. This grants jailors, to some degree, legal access to the personal privacy of these women (www.amnestyusa.org). Of these regulations, Laura Whitehorn, a federal inmate for fourteen years states, "It reduces you to an object, not worthy of being defended. The message is, ‘your body is meaningless, why don't you want this man to put his hands all over you?' Very, very deeply damaging" (Day 44). Her statement proves that these "rights" given jailors shines light on the true answer to the question of whether or not male keepers are appropriate for guarding female inmates.

A second reason as to why these cases are not made known is the fear of more abuse inflicted on the victims if they choose to speak out. The Human Rights Watch informs us that, "male officers have not only used actual or threatened physical force, but have also used near total authority to provide or deny goods and privileges to female prisoners to compel them to have sex, or in other cases, to reward them for having done so" (Thomas ). Because prisoners are completely dependent on officers for basic necessities, the offer or threat to withhold these necessities is a powerful bribe.

Most prisoners who have complained of this maltreatment faced retaliation by the accused officer, his colleagues, or even other prisoners. The punishments for such complaints could include write-ups, loss of "good time" which accumulates towards early parole, or lengthy periods of disciplinary segregation from the remainder of the inmates (Thomas 6). Women lose interest in reporting the crimes committed against them if they are aware of the fact that they will be punished and possibly spend more time in prison as a result of revealing these atrocities to authorities.

Another reason for the invisibility of sexual abuse cases of women prisoners is the lack of appropriate criminal penalties for the crimes. According to Indifference Rules, "Five states have no law prohibiting sexual relations between correction officials and inmates. Seven states make custodial sexual misconduct a misdemeanor, not a felony" (Rhode 1). In most cases of reported sexual misconduct, correctional officials assumed that the prisoner lied and thus refused witnesses who were not prisoners the ability to credit prisoners' testimonies (Rhode 6). Therefore, complaints of abuse are likely to be handled almost entirely within the department of corrections or from within the prison walls.

Of the correctional systems researched by the Human Rights Watch that did refer suspected criminal sexual misconduct to the local police, these referrals did not always occur, nor were they consistently carried out promptly, with the outcome that potentially crucial medical evidence may have been lost (Rhode 6). In effect, once correctional officers referred such charges to the state police, this would frequently end the departments' personal internal investigations into the case, usually causing the allegations to escape the grasp of the prison administration (Rhode 6). Even if incarcerated women report their case to authorities, the chances of their case being heard are slim, further discouraging women to speak out against the disturbing acts forced on them.

In an actual case of sexual abuse of a female prisoner who had been repeatedly forced to perform sexual acts on a male guard, the victim managed to incriminate this offender, but how she managed to seems inconceivably difficult. "She spit the guard's semen into a perfume bottle and had an "accomplice" smuggle the semen out of the facility...DNA tests conducted verified that it was the prison guard's sperm and were used to incriminate the abuser" (Manzaon 5). The difficult task of actually proving cases of sexual abuse from prison causes these cases to remain unreported.

Lastly, the general public are simply not made aware of what goes on behind prison walls, nor are they made aware of the fact that women are reporting sexual abuse from prison while incarcerated. Almost half of the states in this country fail to even collect these statistics, let alone properly take corrective measures to improve the laws protecting female inmates (Rhodes 1). Even the United States government, in its first report to the U.N. Human Rights Committee, mentions the problem of custodial sexual abuse in U.S. state prisons for women only once, stating that the issue is, "addressed through staff training and through criminal statutes prohibiting such activity" (Thomas ).

In her outline, Dorothy Q. Thomas reports that the Homan Rights Watch suggests certain reformations to the U.S. Congress in order to prevent and stop the sexual misconduct in prisons. Some of these revisions include the passage of legislation that requires states to criminalize all sexual contact between correctional staff and prisoners, report the cases to the Department of Justice, and appropriate funds necessary to create more thorough investigations of custodial misconduct (Thomas 11). These recommendations also apply to the U.S. Department of Justice with reformations including a confidential toll-free prisoner telephone hotline providing prisoners information about their rights and about nongovernmental organizations they might call for assistance and appointment of an attorney specifically for investigation of claims of sexual misconduct (Thomas 1).

With the supposed ratifications in the system, significantly fewer women would continue to be maltreated, and fewer jailors would be ignorantly abusing their authority. With the neglect of federal aid, the lack of documentation, the fear of recurrence of abuse and the failure to provide appropriate laws to protect incarcerated women in the United States, the problem will forever be just that, a problem. But it might never even get the chance to be a problem for us the people, for we may never even know it is happening.

Please note that this sample paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES, we are here to assist you. Your college paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Ikea

If you order your from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ikea. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ikea paper right on time.

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IKEA ITS A BIG COUNTRY; SOMEONE HAS TO FURNISH IT

IKEA, the worlds largest home furnishings retail chain, was founded in Sweden in 14 as a mail-order company and opened its first showroom ten years later. From its headquarters in Almhult, IKEA has since expanded to worldwide sales of more than $ billion from 11 outlets in 4 countries (see Table 1). In fact, the second store that IKEA built was in Oslo, Norway. Today, IKEA operates large warehouse showrooms in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Canada, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. It has smaller stores in Kuwait, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Canary Islands, and Iceland. A store near Budapest opened in 10.

The international expansion of IKEA has progressed in three phases, all of them continuing at the present time Scandinavian expansion, begun in 16; West European expansion, begun in 17; and North American expansion, begun in 174. Of the individual markets, Germany is the largest, accounting for 7.5 percent of company sales. The phases of expansion are detectable in the worldwide sales shares depicted in Figure 1.

We want to bring the IKEA concept to as many people as possible, IKEA officials have said.

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TABLE 1 IKEAs International Expansion Year Outlets Countries

154 1 1

164

174 10 5

184 66 17

188 75 1

10 5

1 11 4

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THE IKEA CONCEPT

Ingvar Kamprad, the founder, formulated as IKEAs mission to offer a wide range of home furnishings of good design and function at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. The principal target market of IKEA, which is similar across countries and regions in which IKEA has a presence, is composed of people who are young, highly educated, liberal in their cultural values, white-collar workers, and not especially concerned with status symbols.

IKEA follows a standardized product strategy with an identical assortment around the world today, IKEA carries an assortment of thousands of different home furnishings that range from plants to pots, sofas to soup spoons, and wine glasses to wallpaper. The smaller items are carried to complement the bigger ones. IKEA does not have its own manufacturing facilities but designs all of its furniture. The network of subcontracted manufacturers numbers nearly ,100 in 6 countries. IKEA shoppers have to become prosumers-half producers, half consumers--because most products must be assembled.

Manufacturers are responsible for shipping the components to large warehouses, for example, to the central one in Almhult. These warehouses then supply the various stores, which are in effect miniwarehouses. The final distribution is the customers responsibility.

IKEA does cooperate with car rental companies to offer vans and small trucks at reasonable rates for customers needing delivery service.

Although IKEA has concentrated on company-owned, larger-scale outlets, franchising

has been used in areas in which the market is relatively small or where uncertainty may exist as to the response to the IKEA concept. IKEA uses mail order in Europe and Canada but has resisted expansion into it in the United States, mainly because of capacity constraints.

IKEA offers prices that are 0 to 50 percent lower than fully assembled competing products. This is a result of large-quantity purchasing, low-cost logistics, store location in suburban areas, and the do-it-yourself approach to marketing. IKEAs prices do vary from market to market, largely because of fluctuations in exchange rates and differences in taxation regimes, but price positioning is kept as standardized as possible.

IKEAs promotion is centered on the catalog. The IKEA catalog is printed in 1 languages and has a worldwide circulation of well over 50 million copies. The catalogs are uniform in layout except for minor regional differences. The companys advertising goal is to generate word-of-mouth publicity through innovative approaches.

The IKEA concept is summarized in Table .

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TABLE The IKEA Concept Target Market

Young people of all ages.

Product IKEA offers the same products worldwide. The countries of origin of these products are Nordic countries ( %), Western Europe (1%), Eastern Europe (15%), Others (15%)

Distribution IKEA has built its own distribution network. Outlets are outside the city limits of major metropolitan areas. Products are not delivered, but IKEA cooperates with car rental companies that offer small trucks. IKEA offers mail order in Europe and Canada

Pricing The IKEA concept is based on low price. The firm tries to keep its price image constant.

Promotion IKEAs promotional efforts are mainly throught its catalogs. IKEA has develped a prototype communications model that must be followed by all stores. Its advertising is attention getting and provocative. Media choices vay by market.

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IKEA IN THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

IKEAs strategic positioning is unique. As Figure illustrates, few furniture retailers anywhere have engaged in long-term planning or achieved scale economies in production. European furniture retailers, especially those in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, are much smaller than IKEA. Even when companies have joined forces as buying groups, their heterogeneous operations have made it difficult for them to achieve the same degree of coordination and concentration as IKEA. Because customers are usually content to wait for the delivery of furniture, retailers have not been forced to take purchasing risks.

The value-added dimension differentiates IKEA from its competition. IKEA offers limited customer assistance but creates opportunities for consumers to choose (for example, through informational signage), transport, and assemble units of furniture. The best summary of the competitive situation was provided by a manager at another firm We cant do what IKEA does, and IKEA doesnt want to do what we do.

IKEA IN THE UNITED STATES

After careful study and assessment of its Canadian experience, IKEA decided to enter the U.S. market in 185 by establishing outlets on the East Coast and, later, one in Burbank, California. IKEAs six stores on the East Coast (Philadelphia; Woodbridge near Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Pittsburgh; Elizabeth, New Jersey; and Hicksville, New York) generated $7 million in 1. The overwhelming level of success in 187 led the company to invest in a warehousing facility near Philadelphia that receives goods from Sweden as well as directly from suppliers around the world. Plans call for two to three additional stores annually over the next 5 years, concentrating on the northeastern United States and California.

QUESTIONS

1. What accounts for IKEAs success with a standardized product and strategy in a business that is usually described as having some of the strongest cultural influences?

Consider, for example that an American buying IKEA beds will also have to buy IKEA sheets, because the beds are in European sizes.

a. Most (small) local furniture stores in the US offer a tremendous assortment of fabrics for the furniture they sell. IKEA stores are big (and therefore involve high costs of operation) and do not offer that same extent of assortment. On the surface of it, this doesnt sound like a formula for success. How does IKEA get around this.

. Which features of the young people of all ages are universal and can be exploited by

a global/regional strategy?

. Is IKEA destined to succeed everywhere it cares to establish itself? If not, where would they have trouble?

4. From having visited an IKEA store, what unique marketing features do they employ that you do not see in other furniture stores?

5. How do economies of scale fit into the IKEA concept?

http//www.ccm.edu/redwards/IKEA.html

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Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods.

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In the ancient Greek lifestyle, the religious belief of the people was extremely important. The gods were believed to control everything, from everyday activities to rare and interesting events. Those who obeyed the gods received good fortune, whereas those who did otherwise were sure to be led to peril. This is why Oedipus was so misfortunate. Although the unfortunate destiny set out for him by the gods was not entirely his fault, trying to avoid his fate was not exactly an intelligent idea. His free will and determination to escape his horrifying destiny was partly responsible for what brought his downfall upon him.

Oedipus' father and mother, Laius and Jocasta, were strictly forbidden on behalf of the gods not to have a child. Should they do so, this child was cursed to murder his father and impregnate his mother. However, Laius and Jocasta paid no regard to this warning and bore a child, who they abandoned and was later found and reared by a wealthy couple in a near by city. Once Oedipus had grown, an oracle told him that he would kill his father and marry his mother, and so he left who he believed to be his family in a search of a better future.

Oedipus' free will lead him to make many decisions, and these often lead to undesirable consequences. Firstly, Oedipus' major choice was to leave his home at all. His determination to avoid this terrible curse resulted in him moving to the next step of the gods' plan, leaving a place of little importance and finding a place of much more. Secondly, he meets his real father at a crossroad and refuses to let his father and his men pass before him, and Laius' herald killed one of Oedipus' horses. Oedipus' anger him to murder Laius' men and Laius himself. This was done out of fury and simply because he could. His youth and agility gave him an advantage and, in a blatant display of free will, he uses this advantage to complete the first half of the prophecy. This is one of his less intelligent and brash decisions, indicating that he was too proud to make way for someone who had just insulted him. Oedipus continued, and, on reaching Thebes, Oedipus saved the city from a sphinx that was viciously guarding the city's gates. This decision prompted to the current ruler to step down to make way for Oedipus to take charge of the city with the lady ruler, which happened to be his mother Jocasta, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

Yet the gods were not satisfied with the prophecy merely being fulfilled, Oedipus must discover that he has wronged and go through gruelling mental torture. So they place a terrible plague upon Thebes, the crops begin to die, the women cannot bear children and the very young and very old are ridden with disease. Out of his best interest for his people, Oedipus decides to what is wrong with his city, and send his brother in law, Creon, to ask an oracle what can be done to cure Thebes. Creon returns bearing news that the murderer of Laius must be banished from Thebes. Oedipus gives a speech indicating that the murderer will be severely punished. He then called upon a blind prophet demanding to know who Laius' murderer is. The prophet refuses to divulge the information, saying that Oedipus is better off not knowing the answer. Yet Oedipus chooses to badger him until the prophet loses his nerve and tells Oedipus that he is the one polluting Thebes. After being warned not to dig further into the past, Oedipus' curiosity and stubbornness drives him to find out more. A messenger is sent from his home city stating that his ‘father' has passed away. Oedipus is momentarily relieved to find that he had successfully escaped the prophecy, but the messenger reveals that he was actually found abandoned on a mountainside. Oedipus then, after Jocasta's fruitless attempts at convince him not to pursue his search for his heritage, called upon a Shepard who is said to know a little of Oedipus' childhood. This Shepard referred him to another Shepard who explained that he was given instructions to take Oedipus from the palace and leave him on the mountainside. At this point Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus works out who him natural parent are and he decides the best course of action would be to blind himself and leave the city of Thebes forever.

This entire sequence of events was a chain of Oedipus' decisions, which were a result of his free will. He chose what hi plan of action was according to the circumstances. Overall he was subject to an enormous stroke of bad luck. His actions are completely justified, aside from killing his father, which could be classified as somewhat of an overreaction. Oedipus did nothing consciously wrong. Of course he murdered his father and married his mother, but to him, he was just being a caring man, trying to avoid ripping his family apart, saving a city from a sphinx and then trying to save it from a plague. It was highly unlikely that, after hearing the prophecy, Oedipus is going to think it a good idea to stick around and get all the father killing and mother marrying over and done with. In these circumstances any normal person is going to want to avoid that sort of thing at all costs. Pushing to find the true killer of Laius was completely understandable considering that an entire city's well being was at stake. It is hardly to be expected that Oedipus is going to let hundreds of people suffer because of the word of one prophet.

Oedipus' destiny was inevitable. The gods are almighty, if they want him to kill his father, marry his mother and then find out about it, then that's what Oedipus will do. Oedipus' free will contributed to his downfall only because the gods used it as a tool. The gods put Oedipus in a change of circumstances knowing that he would react in a certain way, causing spin off events. For example, the city of Thebes being plagued forced Oedipus to find the true murderer of Laius. No matter what Oedipus did the gods would have found a way to carry out the prophecy. Had he stayed in his home city the gods would have used another pawn to bring the prophecy to Oedipus and punish him. So, yes, free will played a major part in Oedipus' downfall, but the gods manipulated it to get what they wanted.

Oedipus did not bring his fate upon himself. It was enormously misfortunate that he was born to a couple defying the gods. Because the sins of the father are passed onto the son, he was forced into a chain of previously planned events to be used as a pawn to carry through his father's punishment. He merely did what he thought was right in extreme circumstances, which is exactly what the gods wanted him to do. His good judgement and free will were ideal for the gods to create opportunities for him to find that he had wronged. His destiny was utterly inevitable. His free will was a contributor in the fulfilling of the prophecy and him finding that he had fulfilled the prophecy, but only to the extent of the gods manipulating it to reach their desired final outcome. Had he not employed his free will, he would still reach his downfall.

Please note that this sample paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Romeo and Juliet

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The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

One day in the fair city of Verona, there lived two rich families by the name of Montague and Capulet. Now these two families did not like each other very much, because of a small argument a long time ago. Two servants of the Capulet family named Sampson and Gregory were talking one day. A servant named Abram from the Montague family walked past them. They started to argue, but soon they w=began to fight each other! Then Benvolio, a relative of the Montague family, came and tried to make piece between the men. But Tybalt, a relative of the Capulet family, then stops Benvolio and attacks him! Prince Escalus, ruler of Verona, then arrives and stops the fight. He tells the Montagues and Capulets, "If I ever see you two families fighting again, I will punish both with death!"

Later that day, Benvolio talks to his cousin Romeo about his sadness. "Romeo, why have you been so sad lately?" Romeo said, "Because I am in love with someone who cannot return my love." Benvolio then exclaimed, "Then forget her! We will find someone for you!"

Meanwhile in the Capulet house, a man named Paris tells Lord Capulet of his desire to marry his daughter Juliet. Capulet replies, "If you have won her heart, then I will agree to the marriage." Capulet then tells Paris to go to the party he is hosting later that night. When Paris leaves, Lord Capulet gives the servant a piece of paper with the names of the guests and orders him to give out invitations. But the poor servant runs into a small problem when trying to deliver the invitations, he cannot read! Luckily for him, Benvolio and Romeo come walking along the road. Romeo helps the servant out with the names on the piece of paper. When Romeo reads that the girl he loves, Rosaline, is on the guest list; Benvolio and him decide to go to the party.

During that entire time, the Lady Capulet is telling Juliet of Paris's wish to marry her. Juliet says, "I have never dreamed of marrying, but I think about it if you want."

As Romeo, Benvolio, and their friends go to the Capulets' party, a friend of theirs named Mercutio entertains them with a story about Queen Mab. Queen Mab was a little fairy who went around giving people their dreams. Before they enter the Capulet house, Romeo is worried because of a dream he had the last night. Where it said that on this night, it would start the journey to his young death. But he chooses to go on and let God guide his way.

When Romeo and his friends enter the Capulet house, Lord Capulet welcomes the disguised guests. Later when Romeo watches the dance, he falls madly in love with Juliet at first sight. When he asks about her, Tybalt recognizes Romeo's voice and is angry at the fact that Romeo did not have an invitation but still came anyway. Then when Romeo and Juliet meet face to face, both fall in love with each other. When the party ends, both of them find out that they belong to families which dislike each other.

Romeo is so in love with Juliet that he goes into the Capulet's garden hoping to see her again. In the Capulet's garden, Romeo overhears Juliet saying how much she loves him. After listening for a while, he finally responds and frightens Juliet. But when Juliet realizes who it is she is calm again, they talk and tell each other of how they wish to be married. Later, Romeo hurries to Friar Lawrence. He tells Friar Lawrence of their wish and the Friar agrees to marry them, because he hopes that their marriage will end the arguments between the two families.

Later in the day he tells the Nurse to tell Juliet that if she wants to marry him, she needs to go to Friar Lawrence's cell in the afternoon. When the afternoon came, Juliet meets Romeo in Friar Lawrence's cell and leave to be married.

As the day progressed, Mercutio and Benvolio ran into Tybalt on the street. When Romeo arrived, Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel. Romeo turned Tybalt's challenge down and began to walk away. But then Mercutio began to duel Tybalt. They fought and fought, but eventually Tybalt killed Mercutio. Romeo then avenged his friend by killing Tybalt. Soon Price Escalus arrived at the scene, Benvolio tried to persuade the Prince to excuse Romeo's sin; however, the Capulet's wanted Romeo to die; the Prince instead banishes Romeo from Verona.

Meanwhile Juliet is missing Romeo, but then the Nurse arrives with the news that Romeo killed Tybalt and has been banished. Juliet felt sad for her cousins death, but she felt even sadder at the news of Romeo's banishment. She cries and cries, then the Nurse promises her that she will bring Romeo to her.

While Juliet was crying, Romeo is sad that he is separated from Juliet. The Friar tried to cheer him up by saying, "At least you are only banished, not dead!" But Romeo replies, "Death is better than me being away from Juliet." When the Nurse enters the cell and tells Romeo of Juliet's sadness, Romeo tries to kill himself. But Friar Lawrence says that Romeo may go spend his last night with Juliet and leave for Mantua in the morning. The Friar also promises Romeo that his friend Balthasar will bring Romeo news from Verona; and also that the Prince will probably let Romeo come back in a while.

Later in the day, Paris talks to Lord Capulet again about marrying Juliet. Capulet then replies, "Juliet will do as she is told, she will marry you in three days." The next morning Lady Capulet goes to Juliet's room and tells Juliet that she must marry Paris. But when Juliet says, "I will not." Her father because very angry with her and tells her that she will be thrown out of the house if she does not marry Paris. Juliet is frightened and goes to ask Friar Lawrence for help. Friar Lawrence then advises her to take a magic potion he made, he tells her that the potion will make her look dead the day of the wedding. He also promises her that when she awakes in the vault, Romeo will be there.

The Capulet household excitedly prepares for the wedding. When she returns the Friar Lawrence's cell, she pretends that she will marry Paris. Lord Capulet is so happy that he moves the wedding day to the next day and then rushes off to tell Paris. Juliet then goes up into her room and drinks the potion. When it was time for Juliet to get ready for the wedding, the Nurse came up into her room and found her "dead." Juliet's parents and Paris join the Nurse in lamenting over her death. Friar Lawrence then interrupts and begins to arrange the funeral.

Soon Romeo's friend, Balthasar, arrives in Mantua with the sad news of Juliet's death. Romeo then immediately returns to Verona. On the way to the graveyards, he stops by the apothecary to purchase the most powerful poison he has so that he may die with Juliet. Later in Friar Lawrence's cell, Friar John comes in with the letter he was supposed to give to Romeo. He tells the Friar that he is unable to deliver the letter because the Montagues would not let him into the house.

When Romeo arrives at Juliet's tomb, he meets Paris. Paris challenges Romeo to a duel and is killed by Romeo. Romeo then enters Juliet's tomb, and drinks the poison; dying as he kisses Juliet for one last time. Juliet awakens to find Romeo dead beside her. She is deeply saddened and takes Romeo's dagger and kills herself. Alerted by Paris's page who saw the duel, the Capulets and the Montague arrive at the tomb. Friar Lawrence then tells them of the marriage of Romeo and Juliet. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet bring the arguments and hatred between the two families to an end.

The End

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