Global Warming

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Imagine a world where the landlocked state of Idaho is now prime oceanfront property and almost all of the major cities in the world are covered by water, a place where the average temperature ten degrees higher, and instead of California, Canada and Siberia now have the prime agricultural climates and tropical diseases are worldwide (Kyoto 1). This isn't a science fiction movie. It is the predicted worst-case scenario if we continue to pollute the environment with greenhouse gases. Global warming is a serious threat that could threaten the existence of our civilization.

Some suggest that this horrible scenario is impossible and that global warming is all hype and no substance. They blame the global warming frenzy on ulterior political motives, faulty scientific data and a misinformed media. Unfortunately for us, this point of view is wrong and global warming is a serious threat.

Those who argue that it is all political hype say that politicians are making a big deal out of this issue in order to advance their political position. The author of one article dedicated to this viewpoint says, "The VP has been revving up his political engine on high octane global warming hype recently. This is probably the prelude to his expect bid for the White House in the next presidential election. He claims that the signatures of ,500 scientists from the IPCC and record high temperatures this summer should seal the debate forever." He and others who agree argue that these actions by the Vice President are based solely on his political agenda and faulty scientific data. They claim that the data Al Gore is using to base his decisions shows an increase in global temperature but isn't credible because most of the temperatures were taken in urban areas where they can be skewed by the heat conducting properties of concrete and asphalt that are common in urban areas().

This argument does have a point, but there is one inconsistency. Why is Antarctica, a place with no manmade objects, experiencing the warmest years in all of history? There is no denying this fact. Climate records of Antarctica show that in the last half-century temperatures have risen almost degrees Celsius and the ice shelves are disappearing at an alarming rate. "Between 166 and 18 most of the Wordie Ice Shelf, 50 square miles, disappeared. And over the past 18 months, two of the peninsula's largest ice shelves have lost nearly 1,100 square miles of their total area, a sheet of ice about the size of Rhode Island," says Mary Roach, author of "Antarctica's Hot Spot". Nobody can dispute the rising sea levels either, which is an effect of the melting ice.

Another position that many people argue is that the media, who have no hard, cold facts to go by, have blown up the issue of global warming in order to create controversy that will sell more papers and attract more viewers. Unfortunately, the media didn't just cook this scheme up to make more money, they based it on undeniable scientific evidence. The fact that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen drastically is a phenomenon that isn't possible to dispute. Before the industrial revolution, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 70 parts per million. Today it is almost 60 parts per million due to our emissions from burning fossil fuels. "There is no known geologic precedent for large increases of atmospheric CO without simultaneous changes in other components of the carbon cycle and climate system," states ;dj;lad. This means that throughout the earth's geological history, there has never been a case where the CO level has risen and the climate hasn't changed. Scientific evidence from core samples proves this. Unfortunately, today, the rise in CO hasn't been natural as in the past, but has been imposed by us humans. The consequences of this unnatural balance could be devastating.

Global warming occurs because we are spewing emission gases into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. These gases, with carbon dioxide being the main culprit, prevent solar heat from escaping the earth's atmosphere, resulting in a rise in temperature, or the greenhouse effect. Already scientists around the world are detecting the numerous and dangerous effects of global warming. (Johnson 18).

These effects include rising sea levels, killer heat waves, outbreaks of tropical diseases, altered weather patterns, increased numbers of floods and hurricanes, and affected agricultural harvests (Calvin 4).

The most widely accepted effect from global warming is rising sea levels, which could dramatically transform our planet. Polar sea ice and alpine glaciers have been steadily receding over the last two decades (Wheeler 6). If the huge polar ice caps disgorge their enormous volume of fresh water into the sea, the abrupt rise in the sea level will cover coastal and low-lying lands around the globe. Fifty percent of the world's major cites are located on the coast, as well as many natural treasures such as the Florida Everglades and the Hawaiian Islands ("What We've Learned"). All of these coastal areas would be submerged. The sea has already risen four inches since the turn of the century and it is expected to rise much more abruptly. Earth could possibly become a water world (Kyoto 14).

The effect on the world's climate from increasing temperatures could be just as devastating. Floods, droughts, heat waves and plagues are all on the rise. The eleven warmest years in history have occurred since 180. Increasing temperatures will cause much more precipitation in certain parts of the world, leading to many deadly floods (Johnson ). Conversely, other parts of the globe will see a reduction in rainfall and deserts will relentlessly overtake thousands of square miles of habitable land (Sclener 7). Northern areas such as Europe, Russia, Canada, and the northern United States could have milder winters. This at first glance may seem like a good thing. However the changing climates can allow tropical diseases to move into higher latitudes and affect people and animals that have no immunity to the new viruses. Already deadly rodent viruses are showing up in areas of Africa and the American Southwest that were previously unknown to affect humans (Sclener ).

As if these changes in sea level and climate are not scary enough, the changes to agriculture around the world could be the most threatening of all. Many third world countries depend on agriculture for their entire export economy as well as the primary source of food for their citizens. Entire countries could lose their agriculture base because of altered climate patterns (Johnson 55). At our current rate of pollution, all of these disasters are expected to take place in as little as fifty years (Calvin 55).

The phenomenon of global warming is an extremely serious matter. Not just hype as many claim. The scientific evidence of increased greenhouse gases, melting ice sheets and rise in sea level are undeniable facts. If we don't do something to prevent this from increasing, our entire civilization is at risk.

We can stop continued global warming by enticing industries to switch to more energy efficient fuels like natural gas. We can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by driving more fuel efficient cars, installing solar cells on our roofs, and relying more on wind, solar, hydroelectric, and nuclear power for our electricity. The governments of the world need to look past the perceived economic drawbacks of reducing our use of fossil fuels and realize the enormous economic potential of emerging environmental technology that could prevent global warming (Sclener). Global warming is real and we need to stop it now before it is too late.

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SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES

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SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES

Women incarcerated in United States prisons are among the least empathized and most vulnerable victims of sexual assault. The majority of sexual assault cases inflicted on women in prison are never brought to light due to the fear of the victims' safety, the view that the jailors will not be held accountable for the crime, the lack of appropriate criminal penalties for the abuser, and the simple fact that few care and few know. A recent survey of incarcerated women found that nearly one fifth of the women incarcerated in the United States have experienced forced sexual contact, yet this statistic has failed to spark a national awareness, let alone a national investigation (Rhode A5).

The United States owns the distinction of incarcerating the largest recorded number of prisoners in the world, of which the number of women has increased four hundred percent since 180, according to the Amnesty International website (1-). Twelve states have no law protecting women from sexual abuse while incarcerated (Thomas 1). One reason for these cases of sexual abuse not being discovered is that many prison employees hold the belief that they will not be held accountable for their actions. This is most likely a result of the freedom given to jailors, the same freedom that is often abused.

The Amnesty International website makes known the fact that male prison guards are allowed by law to conduct strip and pat searches, to watch women shower and to monitor female inmates through video. This grants jailors, to some degree, legal access to the personal privacy of these women (www.amnestyusa.org). Of these regulations, Laura Whitehorn, a federal inmate for fourteen years states, "It reduces you to an object, not worthy of being defended. The message is, ‘your body is meaningless, why don't you want this man to put his hands all over you?' Very, very deeply damaging" (Day 44). Her statement proves that these "rights" given jailors shines light on the true answer to the question of whether or not male keepers are appropriate for guarding female inmates.

A second reason as to why these cases are not made known is the fear of more abuse inflicted on the victims if they choose to speak out. The Human Rights Watch informs us that, "male officers have not only used actual or threatened physical force, but have also used near total authority to provide or deny goods and privileges to female prisoners to compel them to have sex, or in other cases, to reward them for having done so" (Thomas ). Because prisoners are completely dependent on officers for basic necessities, the offer or threat to withhold these necessities is a powerful bribe.

Most prisoners who have complained of this maltreatment faced retaliation by the accused officer, his colleagues, or even other prisoners. The punishments for such complaints could include write-ups, loss of "good time" which accumulates towards early parole, or lengthy periods of disciplinary segregation from the remainder of the inmates (Thomas 6). Women lose interest in reporting the crimes committed against them if they are aware of the fact that they will be punished and possibly spend more time in prison as a result of revealing these atrocities to authorities.

Another reason for the invisibility of sexual abuse cases of women prisoners is the lack of appropriate criminal penalties for the crimes. According to Indifference Rules, "Five states have no law prohibiting sexual relations between correction officials and inmates. Seven states make custodial sexual misconduct a misdemeanor, not a felony" (Rhode 1). In most cases of reported sexual misconduct, correctional officials assumed that the prisoner lied and thus refused witnesses who were not prisoners the ability to credit prisoners' testimonies (Rhode 6). Therefore, complaints of abuse are likely to be handled almost entirely within the department of corrections or from within the prison walls.

Of the correctional systems researched by the Human Rights Watch that did refer suspected criminal sexual misconduct to the local police, these referrals did not always occur, nor were they consistently carried out promptly, with the outcome that potentially crucial medical evidence may have been lost (Rhode 6). In effect, once correctional officers referred such charges to the state police, this would frequently end the departments' personal internal investigations into the case, usually causing the allegations to escape the grasp of the prison administration (Rhode 6). Even if incarcerated women report their case to authorities, the chances of their case being heard are slim, further discouraging women to speak out against the disturbing acts forced on them.

In an actual case of sexual abuse of a female prisoner who had been repeatedly forced to perform sexual acts on a male guard, the victim managed to incriminate this offender, but how she managed to seems inconceivably difficult. "She spit the guard's semen into a perfume bottle and had an "accomplice" smuggle the semen out of the facility...DNA tests conducted verified that it was the prison guard's sperm and were used to incriminate the abuser" (Manzaon 5). The difficult task of actually proving cases of sexual abuse from prison causes these cases to remain unreported.

Lastly, the general public are simply not made aware of what goes on behind prison walls, nor are they made aware of the fact that women are reporting sexual abuse from prison while incarcerated. Almost half of the states in this country fail to even collect these statistics, let alone properly take corrective measures to improve the laws protecting female inmates (Rhodes 1). Even the United States government, in its first report to the U.N. Human Rights Committee, mentions the problem of custodial sexual abuse in U.S. state prisons for women only once, stating that the issue is, "addressed through staff training and through criminal statutes prohibiting such activity" (Thomas ).

In her outline, Dorothy Q. Thomas reports that the Homan Rights Watch suggests certain reformations to the U.S. Congress in order to prevent and stop the sexual misconduct in prisons. Some of these revisions include the passage of legislation that requires states to criminalize all sexual contact between correctional staff and prisoners, report the cases to the Department of Justice, and appropriate funds necessary to create more thorough investigations of custodial misconduct (Thomas 11). These recommendations also apply to the U.S. Department of Justice with reformations including a confidential toll-free prisoner telephone hotline providing prisoners information about their rights and about nongovernmental organizations they might call for assistance and appointment of an attorney specifically for investigation of claims of sexual misconduct (Thomas 1).

With the supposed ratifications in the system, significantly fewer women would continue to be maltreated, and fewer jailors would be ignorantly abusing their authority. With the neglect of federal aid, the lack of documentation, the fear of recurrence of abuse and the failure to provide appropriate laws to protect incarcerated women in the United States, the problem will forever be just that, a problem. But it might never even get the chance to be a problem for us the people, for we may never even know it is happening.

Please note that this sample paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES, we are here to assist you. Your college paper on SEXUAL ABUSE OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Ikea

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IKEA ITS A BIG COUNTRY; SOMEONE HAS TO FURNISH IT

IKEA, the worlds largest home furnishings retail chain, was founded in Sweden in 14 as a mail-order company and opened its first showroom ten years later. From its headquarters in Almhult, IKEA has since expanded to worldwide sales of more than $ billion from 11 outlets in 4 countries (see Table 1). In fact, the second store that IKEA built was in Oslo, Norway. Today, IKEA operates large warehouse showrooms in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Canada, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. It has smaller stores in Kuwait, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Canary Islands, and Iceland. A store near Budapest opened in 10.

The international expansion of IKEA has progressed in three phases, all of them continuing at the present time Scandinavian expansion, begun in 16; West European expansion, begun in 17; and North American expansion, begun in 174. Of the individual markets, Germany is the largest, accounting for 7.5 percent of company sales. The phases of expansion are detectable in the worldwide sales shares depicted in Figure 1.

We want to bring the IKEA concept to as many people as possible, IKEA officials have said.

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TABLE 1 IKEAs International Expansion Year Outlets Countries

154 1 1

164

174 10 5

184 66 17

188 75 1

10 5

1 11 4

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THE IKEA CONCEPT

Ingvar Kamprad, the founder, formulated as IKEAs mission to offer a wide range of home furnishings of good design and function at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. The principal target market of IKEA, which is similar across countries and regions in which IKEA has a presence, is composed of people who are young, highly educated, liberal in their cultural values, white-collar workers, and not especially concerned with status symbols.

IKEA follows a standardized product strategy with an identical assortment around the world today, IKEA carries an assortment of thousands of different home furnishings that range from plants to pots, sofas to soup spoons, and wine glasses to wallpaper. The smaller items are carried to complement the bigger ones. IKEA does not have its own manufacturing facilities but designs all of its furniture. The network of subcontracted manufacturers numbers nearly ,100 in 6 countries. IKEA shoppers have to become prosumers-half producers, half consumers--because most products must be assembled.

Manufacturers are responsible for shipping the components to large warehouses, for example, to the central one in Almhult. These warehouses then supply the various stores, which are in effect miniwarehouses. The final distribution is the customers responsibility.

IKEA does cooperate with car rental companies to offer vans and small trucks at reasonable rates for customers needing delivery service.

Although IKEA has concentrated on company-owned, larger-scale outlets, franchising

has been used in areas in which the market is relatively small or where uncertainty may exist as to the response to the IKEA concept. IKEA uses mail order in Europe and Canada but has resisted expansion into it in the United States, mainly because of capacity constraints.

IKEA offers prices that are 0 to 50 percent lower than fully assembled competing products. This is a result of large-quantity purchasing, low-cost logistics, store location in suburban areas, and the do-it-yourself approach to marketing. IKEAs prices do vary from market to market, largely because of fluctuations in exchange rates and differences in taxation regimes, but price positioning is kept as standardized as possible.

IKEAs promotion is centered on the catalog. The IKEA catalog is printed in 1 languages and has a worldwide circulation of well over 50 million copies. The catalogs are uniform in layout except for minor regional differences. The companys advertising goal is to generate word-of-mouth publicity through innovative approaches.

The IKEA concept is summarized in Table .

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TABLE The IKEA Concept Target Market

Young people of all ages.

Product IKEA offers the same products worldwide. The countries of origin of these products are Nordic countries ( %), Western Europe (1%), Eastern Europe (15%), Others (15%)

Distribution IKEA has built its own distribution network. Outlets are outside the city limits of major metropolitan areas. Products are not delivered, but IKEA cooperates with car rental companies that offer small trucks. IKEA offers mail order in Europe and Canada

Pricing The IKEA concept is based on low price. The firm tries to keep its price image constant.

Promotion IKEAs promotional efforts are mainly throught its catalogs. IKEA has develped a prototype communications model that must be followed by all stores. Its advertising is attention getting and provocative. Media choices vay by market.

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IKEA IN THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

IKEAs strategic positioning is unique. As Figure illustrates, few furniture retailers anywhere have engaged in long-term planning or achieved scale economies in production. European furniture retailers, especially those in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, are much smaller than IKEA. Even when companies have joined forces as buying groups, their heterogeneous operations have made it difficult for them to achieve the same degree of coordination and concentration as IKEA. Because customers are usually content to wait for the delivery of furniture, retailers have not been forced to take purchasing risks.

The value-added dimension differentiates IKEA from its competition. IKEA offers limited customer assistance but creates opportunities for consumers to choose (for example, through informational signage), transport, and assemble units of furniture. The best summary of the competitive situation was provided by a manager at another firm We cant do what IKEA does, and IKEA doesnt want to do what we do.

IKEA IN THE UNITED STATES

After careful study and assessment of its Canadian experience, IKEA decided to enter the U.S. market in 185 by establishing outlets on the East Coast and, later, one in Burbank, California. IKEAs six stores on the East Coast (Philadelphia; Woodbridge near Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Pittsburgh; Elizabeth, New Jersey; and Hicksville, New York) generated $7 million in 1. The overwhelming level of success in 187 led the company to invest in a warehousing facility near Philadelphia that receives goods from Sweden as well as directly from suppliers around the world. Plans call for two to three additional stores annually over the next 5 years, concentrating on the northeastern United States and California.

QUESTIONS

1. What accounts for IKEAs success with a standardized product and strategy in a business that is usually described as having some of the strongest cultural influences?

Consider, for example that an American buying IKEA beds will also have to buy IKEA sheets, because the beds are in European sizes.

a. Most (small) local furniture stores in the US offer a tremendous assortment of fabrics for the furniture they sell. IKEA stores are big (and therefore involve high costs of operation) and do not offer that same extent of assortment. On the surface of it, this doesnt sound like a formula for success. How does IKEA get around this.

. Which features of the young people of all ages are universal and can be exploited by

a global/regional strategy?

. Is IKEA destined to succeed everywhere it cares to establish itself? If not, where would they have trouble?

4. From having visited an IKEA store, what unique marketing features do they employ that you do not see in other furniture stores?

5. How do economies of scale fit into the IKEA concept?

http//www.ccm.edu/redwards/IKEA.html

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Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods.

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In the ancient Greek lifestyle, the religious belief of the people was extremely important. The gods were believed to control everything, from everyday activities to rare and interesting events. Those who obeyed the gods received good fortune, whereas those who did otherwise were sure to be led to peril. This is why Oedipus was so misfortunate. Although the unfortunate destiny set out for him by the gods was not entirely his fault, trying to avoid his fate was not exactly an intelligent idea. His free will and determination to escape his horrifying destiny was partly responsible for what brought his downfall upon him.

Oedipus' father and mother, Laius and Jocasta, were strictly forbidden on behalf of the gods not to have a child. Should they do so, this child was cursed to murder his father and impregnate his mother. However, Laius and Jocasta paid no regard to this warning and bore a child, who they abandoned and was later found and reared by a wealthy couple in a near by city. Once Oedipus had grown, an oracle told him that he would kill his father and marry his mother, and so he left who he believed to be his family in a search of a better future.

Oedipus' free will lead him to make many decisions, and these often lead to undesirable consequences. Firstly, Oedipus' major choice was to leave his home at all. His determination to avoid this terrible curse resulted in him moving to the next step of the gods' plan, leaving a place of little importance and finding a place of much more. Secondly, he meets his real father at a crossroad and refuses to let his father and his men pass before him, and Laius' herald killed one of Oedipus' horses. Oedipus' anger him to murder Laius' men and Laius himself. This was done out of fury and simply because he could. His youth and agility gave him an advantage and, in a blatant display of free will, he uses this advantage to complete the first half of the prophecy. This is one of his less intelligent and brash decisions, indicating that he was too proud to make way for someone who had just insulted him. Oedipus continued, and, on reaching Thebes, Oedipus saved the city from a sphinx that was viciously guarding the city's gates. This decision prompted to the current ruler to step down to make way for Oedipus to take charge of the city with the lady ruler, which happened to be his mother Jocasta, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

Yet the gods were not satisfied with the prophecy merely being fulfilled, Oedipus must discover that he has wronged and go through gruelling mental torture. So they place a terrible plague upon Thebes, the crops begin to die, the women cannot bear children and the very young and very old are ridden with disease. Out of his best interest for his people, Oedipus decides to what is wrong with his city, and send his brother in law, Creon, to ask an oracle what can be done to cure Thebes. Creon returns bearing news that the murderer of Laius must be banished from Thebes. Oedipus gives a speech indicating that the murderer will be severely punished. He then called upon a blind prophet demanding to know who Laius' murderer is. The prophet refuses to divulge the information, saying that Oedipus is better off not knowing the answer. Yet Oedipus chooses to badger him until the prophet loses his nerve and tells Oedipus that he is the one polluting Thebes. After being warned not to dig further into the past, Oedipus' curiosity and stubbornness drives him to find out more. A messenger is sent from his home city stating that his ‘father' has passed away. Oedipus is momentarily relieved to find that he had successfully escaped the prophecy, but the messenger reveals that he was actually found abandoned on a mountainside. Oedipus then, after Jocasta's fruitless attempts at convince him not to pursue his search for his heritage, called upon a Shepard who is said to know a little of Oedipus' childhood. This Shepard referred him to another Shepard who explained that he was given instructions to take Oedipus from the palace and leave him on the mountainside. At this point Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus works out who him natural parent are and he decides the best course of action would be to blind himself and leave the city of Thebes forever.

This entire sequence of events was a chain of Oedipus' decisions, which were a result of his free will. He chose what hi plan of action was according to the circumstances. Overall he was subject to an enormous stroke of bad luck. His actions are completely justified, aside from killing his father, which could be classified as somewhat of an overreaction. Oedipus did nothing consciously wrong. Of course he murdered his father and married his mother, but to him, he was just being a caring man, trying to avoid ripping his family apart, saving a city from a sphinx and then trying to save it from a plague. It was highly unlikely that, after hearing the prophecy, Oedipus is going to think it a good idea to stick around and get all the father killing and mother marrying over and done with. In these circumstances any normal person is going to want to avoid that sort of thing at all costs. Pushing to find the true killer of Laius was completely understandable considering that an entire city's well being was at stake. It is hardly to be expected that Oedipus is going to let hundreds of people suffer because of the word of one prophet.

Oedipus' destiny was inevitable. The gods are almighty, if they want him to kill his father, marry his mother and then find out about it, then that's what Oedipus will do. Oedipus' free will contributed to his downfall only because the gods used it as a tool. The gods put Oedipus in a change of circumstances knowing that he would react in a certain way, causing spin off events. For example, the city of Thebes being plagued forced Oedipus to find the true murderer of Laius. No matter what Oedipus did the gods would have found a way to carry out the prophecy. Had he stayed in his home city the gods would have used another pawn to bring the prophecy to Oedipus and punish him. So, yes, free will played a major part in Oedipus' downfall, but the gods manipulated it to get what they wanted.

Oedipus did not bring his fate upon himself. It was enormously misfortunate that he was born to a couple defying the gods. Because the sins of the father are passed onto the son, he was forced into a chain of previously planned events to be used as a pawn to carry through his father's punishment. He merely did what he thought was right in extreme circumstances, which is exactly what the gods wanted him to do. His good judgement and free will were ideal for the gods to create opportunities for him to find that he had wronged. His destiny was utterly inevitable. His free will was a contributor in the fulfilling of the prophecy and him finding that he had fulfilled the prophecy, but only to the extent of the gods manipulating it to reach their desired final outcome. Had he not employed his free will, he would still reach his downfall.

Please note that this sample paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Oedipus' downfall was inevitable, due to the influence of the gods. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Romeo and Juliet

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The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

One day in the fair city of Verona, there lived two rich families by the name of Montague and Capulet. Now these two families did not like each other very much, because of a small argument a long time ago. Two servants of the Capulet family named Sampson and Gregory were talking one day. A servant named Abram from the Montague family walked past them. They started to argue, but soon they w=began to fight each other! Then Benvolio, a relative of the Montague family, came and tried to make piece between the men. But Tybalt, a relative of the Capulet family, then stops Benvolio and attacks him! Prince Escalus, ruler of Verona, then arrives and stops the fight. He tells the Montagues and Capulets, "If I ever see you two families fighting again, I will punish both with death!"

Later that day, Benvolio talks to his cousin Romeo about his sadness. "Romeo, why have you been so sad lately?" Romeo said, "Because I am in love with someone who cannot return my love." Benvolio then exclaimed, "Then forget her! We will find someone for you!"

Meanwhile in the Capulet house, a man named Paris tells Lord Capulet of his desire to marry his daughter Juliet. Capulet replies, "If you have won her heart, then I will agree to the marriage." Capulet then tells Paris to go to the party he is hosting later that night. When Paris leaves, Lord Capulet gives the servant a piece of paper with the names of the guests and orders him to give out invitations. But the poor servant runs into a small problem when trying to deliver the invitations, he cannot read! Luckily for him, Benvolio and Romeo come walking along the road. Romeo helps the servant out with the names on the piece of paper. When Romeo reads that the girl he loves, Rosaline, is on the guest list; Benvolio and him decide to go to the party.

During that entire time, the Lady Capulet is telling Juliet of Paris's wish to marry her. Juliet says, "I have never dreamed of marrying, but I think about it if you want."

As Romeo, Benvolio, and their friends go to the Capulets' party, a friend of theirs named Mercutio entertains them with a story about Queen Mab. Queen Mab was a little fairy who went around giving people their dreams. Before they enter the Capulet house, Romeo is worried because of a dream he had the last night. Where it said that on this night, it would start the journey to his young death. But he chooses to go on and let God guide his way.

When Romeo and his friends enter the Capulet house, Lord Capulet welcomes the disguised guests. Later when Romeo watches the dance, he falls madly in love with Juliet at first sight. When he asks about her, Tybalt recognizes Romeo's voice and is angry at the fact that Romeo did not have an invitation but still came anyway. Then when Romeo and Juliet meet face to face, both fall in love with each other. When the party ends, both of them find out that they belong to families which dislike each other.

Romeo is so in love with Juliet that he goes into the Capulet's garden hoping to see her again. In the Capulet's garden, Romeo overhears Juliet saying how much she loves him. After listening for a while, he finally responds and frightens Juliet. But when Juliet realizes who it is she is calm again, they talk and tell each other of how they wish to be married. Later, Romeo hurries to Friar Lawrence. He tells Friar Lawrence of their wish and the Friar agrees to marry them, because he hopes that their marriage will end the arguments between the two families.

Later in the day he tells the Nurse to tell Juliet that if she wants to marry him, she needs to go to Friar Lawrence's cell in the afternoon. When the afternoon came, Juliet meets Romeo in Friar Lawrence's cell and leave to be married.

As the day progressed, Mercutio and Benvolio ran into Tybalt on the street. When Romeo arrived, Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel. Romeo turned Tybalt's challenge down and began to walk away. But then Mercutio began to duel Tybalt. They fought and fought, but eventually Tybalt killed Mercutio. Romeo then avenged his friend by killing Tybalt. Soon Price Escalus arrived at the scene, Benvolio tried to persuade the Prince to excuse Romeo's sin; however, the Capulet's wanted Romeo to die; the Prince instead banishes Romeo from Verona.

Meanwhile Juliet is missing Romeo, but then the Nurse arrives with the news that Romeo killed Tybalt and has been banished. Juliet felt sad for her cousins death, but she felt even sadder at the news of Romeo's banishment. She cries and cries, then the Nurse promises her that she will bring Romeo to her.

While Juliet was crying, Romeo is sad that he is separated from Juliet. The Friar tried to cheer him up by saying, "At least you are only banished, not dead!" But Romeo replies, "Death is better than me being away from Juliet." When the Nurse enters the cell and tells Romeo of Juliet's sadness, Romeo tries to kill himself. But Friar Lawrence says that Romeo may go spend his last night with Juliet and leave for Mantua in the morning. The Friar also promises Romeo that his friend Balthasar will bring Romeo news from Verona; and also that the Prince will probably let Romeo come back in a while.

Later in the day, Paris talks to Lord Capulet again about marrying Juliet. Capulet then replies, "Juliet will do as she is told, she will marry you in three days." The next morning Lady Capulet goes to Juliet's room and tells Juliet that she must marry Paris. But when Juliet says, "I will not." Her father because very angry with her and tells her that she will be thrown out of the house if she does not marry Paris. Juliet is frightened and goes to ask Friar Lawrence for help. Friar Lawrence then advises her to take a magic potion he made, he tells her that the potion will make her look dead the day of the wedding. He also promises her that when she awakes in the vault, Romeo will be there.

The Capulet household excitedly prepares for the wedding. When she returns the Friar Lawrence's cell, she pretends that she will marry Paris. Lord Capulet is so happy that he moves the wedding day to the next day and then rushes off to tell Paris. Juliet then goes up into her room and drinks the potion. When it was time for Juliet to get ready for the wedding, the Nurse came up into her room and found her "dead." Juliet's parents and Paris join the Nurse in lamenting over her death. Friar Lawrence then interrupts and begins to arrange the funeral.

Soon Romeo's friend, Balthasar, arrives in Mantua with the sad news of Juliet's death. Romeo then immediately returns to Verona. On the way to the graveyards, he stops by the apothecary to purchase the most powerful poison he has so that he may die with Juliet. Later in Friar Lawrence's cell, Friar John comes in with the letter he was supposed to give to Romeo. He tells the Friar that he is unable to deliver the letter because the Montagues would not let him into the house.

When Romeo arrives at Juliet's tomb, he meets Paris. Paris challenges Romeo to a duel and is killed by Romeo. Romeo then enters Juliet's tomb, and drinks the poison; dying as he kisses Juliet for one last time. Juliet awakens to find Romeo dead beside her. She is deeply saddened and takes Romeo's dagger and kills herself. Alerted by Paris's page who saw the duel, the Capulets and the Montague arrive at the tomb. Friar Lawrence then tells them of the marriage of Romeo and Juliet. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet bring the arguments and hatred between the two families to an end.

The End

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African americans

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African Americans

In pre-colonial Africa kinship and inheritance provided the bases of organization of many African communities. Males were recognized for the purpose of inheritance. Males inherited their clan names based on their accomplishments, as well as other things when one decease.

Land was not owned in many parts of Africa during the pre-colonial period. The male chief of the patrilineage held and distributed the land. They distributed the land as necessary to male members. The woman's access to land depended on the female's obligations or duties within the gendered division of labor.

Agriculture was the job of many African women. The men believed in having a lot of wives, all of the wives worked together and farmed his land for him or whatever duties he required for that day.

Africa is considered to be a multi-lingual country. There are eleven officially recognized languages. Many others are often spoken but not widespread. English is generally understood across the country. It is one of the eleven common spoken languages but it only ranks 5th out of the eleven spoken languages.

During the 15th and the 1th century major changes had happened to the African and North American continents. Europeans ventured to Africa where they began a trans-Atlantic slave trade. Many Africans were taken as free people and then forced into slavery in South America, the Caribbean and North America. This slave trade had brought about a different type of racism. It was the color of your skin that determined whether a person would be a free citizen or be enslaved for life. The slave trade devastated Africans life and heritage. Some slaves were sold and traded more than once, often in a slave market. Families were torn apart, children hysterically cried while they said their good-byes. Some infants were taken from their parents at birth with no knowledge of who they are.

During this colonial era, more than half of all African Americans lived in Virginia and Maryland. Most of them lived in the Chesapeake area where they made up fifty to sixty percent of the population. In 170 the first census was taken which showed that eight percent of the black populace was free. This may not seem like a lot to us but, this gave parents hope that their child will one day be a free slave or that slavery may not exist by the time their child is grown.

The majority of the African slaves worked on tobacco plantations and large farms. Working in a tobacco plantation was one of the hardest things to do. It was an eleven month crop, which had four different stages to it and required constant care. There were some advantages to working on a farm or plantation verses working in a household or an urban setting. Generally slaves in plantations lived in complete family units, their work dictated by the rising and setting of the sun. They generally were allowed Sundays off.

The disadvantage was that slaves were more likely to be sold or transferred than those in a domestic setting. They were also subjected to brutal and severe punishments because they were regarded as less valuable than household or urban slaves.

Urban and household slaves generally did not live in complete family units. Most domestic environments used female labor; therefore there were few men. The jobs for the men in an urban setting tended to be coachmen, waiting men, gardeners and tradesmen, (these were men who worked in the shop and is hired out). The disadvantage of being an urban worker is that there was no privacy. They lived in loft areas over the kitchens, laundries, and stables. They worked seven days a week with a lighter work load on Sundays. Their work days were set by the task instead of by the sun like the plantation workers. The advantage of being an urban worker was that you were fed more food, you dressed better, and you were able to hear about political events that might affect your race and warned people about it.

Only 5% of whites owned slaves. Many whites found slavery as being morally wrong but, it was a business thing. It was cheaper to get Africans than to hire labor. More slaves lived in the south compared to the North. The north did not really believe in slavery. Some people in the north did however have slaves but it was never no more than four people.

In the middle of the 17th hundreds both free and enslaved black people manifested a deepening attachment to America. The Majority of blacks had been born in America rather than in Africa. This new generation of African American s will not know Africa the same way their parents did. They will not also know what it feels like to be free, since all they ever grew up to see was daily whippings.

By the 1760's African Americans started to voice their opinion on slavery. They used poems, letters and petitions to try to appeal for slavery to be abolished. A few white people were also on their side but, their appeal was denied.

In 1775 the Revolutionary war had came about. African slaves were considered to be free as long as they fought in the war. 5, 0000 African American free and un free slaves had severed in this war. The slaves did not care that they were entering a war; all they could think about was their freedom after the war. Well they were tricked; after the war was over they rounded up any surviving African American and sent them to slavery in the Caribbean. The ones who were left behind were captured and were brought by a slave owner.

After the American Revolution the movement to abolish slavery had risen in the north. Slave owners in the south had got scared and reasserted the rights of African Americans. The reassertion of their rights was done in, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention. Southerners forced several compromises that laid the foundation for a "New Nation" a nation which espoused liberty, but practiced bondage.

In 1780, a woman by the name of Elizabeth Freeman read the New Constitution and took a part of that constitution as well as a part from the Virginia Bill of Rights. She then pointed out that it said "all men are born free and equal." Relying on that language she sued for emancipation. It was not until 170 that more than 5,000 African Americans lived free. But slavery still continued, it just spread westward with the New Nation.

African Americans were now able to build houses and farm communities as well as a church. The black church was now becoming a center for abolitionist and social activity in the black community. Schools were also started in the basement of the church.

Since slaves were free on the eastern side of the country the ruling class realized that they needed some way to control black communities as a whole. They achieved this plan by getting individuals in black communities to act as mediators. These individuals were called "Black Governors". The office of Black Governor originated in Massachusetts, and then appeared in Connecticut and Rhode Island. The main job of a Black Governor was to help the whites gain control over the African Americans.

In 186, Lincoln authorized the formation of black combat units to serve in the civil war. Most blacks did not care about what the issues of the war was. They joined because it provided a better income which was an alternative way of making money compared to the poorly paid domestic labor that most blacks had endure.

The civil war resulted in the 1th Amendment of the Constitution which abolished slavery all together. Although black soldiers fought in the war which eventually ended slavery they still did not have civil rights. The whites did not want to share political power with African Americans. This had brought about the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. African American was now guaranteed civil rights. This change opened the door for African American so that they can progress and excel in the political system. Public schools were now established and access to jobs outside domestic labor was now available.

Please note that this sample paper on african americans is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on african americans, we are here to assist you. Your essay on african americans will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Imprisonment in MacLeod's The Boat

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Many adults mature and look back to their childhoods with fond, adoring eyes. Some, however, have trouble facing the past. Haunted by the demons from his youth, the narrator of Alistair MacLeod's short story "The Boat" attempts to relay his message to the world in hopes of mental freedom. The piece opens with images from an insomniac narrator. MacLeod, modeling his writing with Gaelic oral tradition, takes the reader into the narrator's past with his descriptive first person narrative. He introduces the ideas imprisonment associated with guilt and tradition through images of the mother, father, and the narrator.

"When we returned to the house everyone made a great fuss over my precious excursion….They repeated "the boat" at the end of all their questions and I knew it must be important to everyone" (MacLeod 107). The young narrator faces the predicament of tradition in his society. His mother, a New England Puritan, forces her beliefs upon her children about working and living by the sea. Her responsibilities lie in maintaining an orderly household and to keep the family together. The mother's heritage relies on the sea. "My mother was of the sea as were all her people and her horizons were the very literal ones she scanned with her dark and fearless eyes" (MacLeod 10). When her daughters choose another path away from their assumed birthright, she disowns them, their new husbands, and her grandchildren. The narrator later decides to choose education over the sea and the mother comments "I never thought a son of mine would choose useless books over the parents that gave him life" (MacLeod 11). The son tackles the reality that in order to make his mother proud and to continue tradition, he must give up the literature he loves. The mother, stubborn and proud, cares of nothing but her beloved sea. This idea bothers the narrator, partially driving him to his personal plague of restlessness. However, the mother tries her best throughout the story to keep her family together and does not realize she tears them apart with her ideals.

In contrast to the mother, the father embraces a passion for literature and continues to uphold nautical work only for the money. Unhappy with his profession, the insomniac father reads all night and clutters his room with the objects he loves the most.

Magazines and books covered the bureau and competed with the clothes for the domination of the chair. They further overburdened the heroic little table and lay top the radio. They filled a baffling and unknowable cave beneath the bed, and in the corner by the bureau they spilled from the walls and grew up from the floor…. He never seemed to sleep, only to doze, and the light shone constantly from his window to the sea. MacLeod 110-111

Yet, tradition also stains his father. Being a gentleman of Scottish descent, he does not leave his girlfriend when he impregnates her. Instead, he marries the traditional woman and settles down to become, to his disgust, a fisherman. The father has feelings of duty which imprison him to a life of the sea, although his body hardly handles the work. "He burned and reburned over and over again and his lips still cracked so that they bled when he smiled, and his arms, especially the left, still broke out into the oozing salt-water boils as they had ever since I was a child…" (MacLeod 11). Not wanting his son to follow in his footsteps, he asks the son to reconsider when he suggests on helping the family business. "I am not telling you to do anything," he said softly, "only asking you" (MacLeod 11). The father's feelings of duty towards family then brush onto the son, for he agrees to stay only until the father can fish no longer. After a few months, the father has an accident and falls off the boat, never to see his family again. Some argue the accident as suicide, but "sacrifice" better describes the incident. The father knows the son will remain on the boat with him until he quits his profession, for the fishing business requires two men. No grown man wants to see his son put his life on hold for the betterment of himself. The young narrator, willing to put his life on hold for his father and tradition, subconsciously persuades his father to fall into the sea. Unselfishly, the father jumps into the sea as a loving sacrifice to his son's future. However, he does not realize the grotesque images he will leave behind for his son to ponder.

The sea haunts the son. He, like his father, troubles over regrets with the sea in his older age. Staying alone at night with his internal haunting silence remains an impossibility for the narrator. His mother disowns him, for after the father dies, he stops fishing. "And it is not an easy thing to know that your mother looks upon the sea with love and on you with bitterness because one has been so constant and the other so true" (MacLeod 15). He desires to move on, but the images of his father and the harsh words of his mother still ring in his ears.

But neither is easy to know that your father was found on November twenty-eighth, ten miles to the north and wedged between two boulders at the base of the rock-strewn cliffs where he had been hurled and slammed so many times. His hands were shredded ribbons as were his feet which had lost their boots to the suction of the sea, and his shoulders came apart in our hands when we tried to move him from the rocks. And the fish had eaten his testicles and the gulls had pecked out his eyes and the white-green stubble of his whiskers had continued to grow in death, like the grass on graves, upon the purple, bloated mass that was his face. There was not much left of my father, physically, as he lay there with the brass chains on his wrists and the seaweed in his hair. MacLeod 15

The phantoms of the sea disturb his dreams and shatter his soul daily. The narrator writes this story in hopes to free his mind from the heartache and guilt the sea has brought him. Unfortunately, the sea and its memory will remain a large part of his life for which he could never look upon without regret. The choices he makes for his future leads him to suffer relentlessly. The son faces imprisonment with the loss of his mother for choosing education over the beloved sea and from the images of his father's death.

The mother, father, and son all have various reasons for their imprisonment in MacLeod's "The Boat." Shadowed by the past and burdened by her responsibility to uphold the sea life, the mother struggles with her family and their desire to move from their home. The father attempts to allow his children to choose their own paths, but strongly advices his son, the narrator, not to choose his future for any person but himself. Haunted by these conflicting images from his past, the narrator remains imprisoned only to write this story in hopes to fill his emotional void. Through MacLeod's strong first person narrative, the reader experiences the emotional attachment some of the characters feel towards family, tradition, duty, and guilt.

Works Cited

MacLeod, Alistair. The Lost Salt Gift of Blood. Toronto McClelland & Stewart Limited, 18.

Please note that this sample paper on Imprisonment in MacLeod's The Boat is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Imprisonment in MacLeod's The Boat, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Imprisonment in MacLeod's The Boat will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!