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Ikea marketing strategy

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Coventry University


School of Engineering


1 MFT Technology


Thomas Puccianti


1/1/0


Laboratory Two


Material Recognition


Investigation, Results and Submission


Section 1


· Tensile strength a measure of the ability of a material to withstand a longitudinal stress, expressed as the greatest stress that the material can stand without breaking


· Hardness one of several measures of resistance to indentation, deformation or abrasion.


· Ductility able to sustain large deformations without fracture and able to be hammered into sheets or drawn into wires and to be moulded.


· Density measure of the compactness of a substance, expressed as its mass per unit volume.


· Youngs Modulus a modulus elasticity, applicable to the stretching of a wire.., equal to the ratio of the applied load per unit area of cross section to the increase in length per unit length.


· Non Ferrous non containing iron in the divalent state.


Section


· Peugeot 06 car body panels - both group


- class


- type


· Jaguar "X" type body panels - both group


- class


- type


· De-Lorean car body skin - both group


- class


- type


· Lightning conductor - both group


- class


- type


· Bells in St Michael's Tower - both group


- class


- type


· Clock pendulum for a top quality clock - both group


- class


- type


Section


1 Milk bottle


Baked Bean tin


"Evian" Natural Mineral water bottle (500ml)


4 Fizzy drinks bottle (litres)


5 "Eden Valley" spring water bottle 18. litres


6 Kitchen Foil


7 Non-PVC food wrap


8 Metal Spectacle frames


Skewers for cooking baked potatoes


10 Tweezers


11 Cooking pan uncoated


1 Cooking pan coated


1 "Imperial leather" Foaming shower Gel


14 Lynx BODY SPRAY


15 "Superdrug" aerosol shaving foam


16 "Johnsons Baby Bath"


17 CD case


Coventry University


School of Engineering


1 MFT Technology


Thomas Puccianti


1/1/0


Laboratory Two


Material Recognition


Investigation, Results and Submission


Section 1


· Tensile strength a measure of the ability of a material to withstand a longitudinal stress, expressed as the greatest stress that the material can stand without breaking


· Hardness one of several measures of resistance to indentation, deformation or abrasion.


· Ductility able to sustain large deformations without fracture and able to be hammered into sheets or drawn into wires and to be moulded.


· Density measure of the compactness of a substance, expressed as its mass per unit volume.


· Youngs Modulus a modulus elasticity, applicable to the stretching of a wire.., equal to the ratio of the applied load per unit area of cross section to the increase in length per unit length.


· Non Ferrous non containing iron in the divalent state.


Section


· Peugeot 06 car body panels - both group


- class


- type


· Jaguar "X" type body panels - both group


- class


- type


· De-Lorean car body skin - both group


- class


- type


· Lightning conductor - both group


- class


- type


· Bells in St Michael's Tower - both group


- class


- type


· Clock pendulum for a top quality clock - both group


- class


- type


Section


1 Milk bottle


Baked Bean tin


"Evian" Natural Mineral water bottle (500ml)


4 Fizzy drinks bottle (litres)


5 "Eden Valley" spring water bottle 18. litres


6 Kitchen Foil


7 Non-PVC food wrap


8 Metal Spectacle frames


Skewers for cooking baked potatoes


10 Tweezers


11 Cooking pan uncoated


1 Cooking pan coated


1 "Imperial leather" Foaming shower Gel


14 Lynx BODY SPRAY


15 "Superdrug" aerosol shaving foam


16 "Johnsons Baby Bath"


17 CD case


1


IKEA numbers 5,000 co-workers across a global network of over 150 stores in countries on four continents.


IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad initiated the Big Thank You Event as a millennium reward to the many co-workers within the IKEA group. The total of all sales worldwide on this special day was given to the employees. The goal for the day was high, but the actual result was higherapproximately 187 million NLG. Every co-worker, from the snack bar staff and stock clerks to the president, got the same bonus. For most, this bonus was more than a month's pay. It turned out to be a great way to thank the hard working IKEA co-workers for contributing to the success over the last millennium. And this is only the beginning.


IKEA wins an international design award for VÄRDE kitchen.


VÄRDE is a whole new way to think about the kitchen. Because of VÄRDE's unique, modular design, you can create an entire kitchen from scratch or simply add a piece here or there. This and its attractive design in classic birch veneer with white details helped it win the Red Dot for Highest Design Quality award. The Red Dot prizes are internationally recognised seals for innovative design and are awarded annually in the Design Innovations competition held by Design Zentrum Nordrhein Westfalen in Germany. Judges evaluate entered products on their degree of innovation, functionality, ergonomics, ecological compatibility, and durability.


000


The first IKEA store opens in Russia.


IKEA and UNICEF join together to build community in India.


Together with UNICEF, IKEA initiated a broad community program in the north of India in August 000. The aim is to prevent child labour by creating awareness and addressing the root causes. The three-year project focuses on 00 rural communities, involving the villagers in strategies for preventing child labour.


UNICEF and IKEA encourage school enrolment and have established alternative learning centres (ALCs) as a transitory measure to formal primary schools. Through the formation of self-help groups, the project also helps rural women to enhance their economic status by improving access to credit and income generating opportunities.


IKEA Rail001 IKEA establishes IKEA Rail AB. Railways were always an important part of the companys early transport strategy. Now IKEA has re-established links between these early traditions and the more advanced logistical and environmental thinking of today. From suppliers and central warehouses in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden, IKEA Rail provides door-to-door transport of IKEA materials and furnishings, with IKEA trains conveying the goods for most of the journey. Increasing our use of railways is an innovative approach to goods management that has already begun to benefit the environment. By reducing our reliance on other transport methods such as large trucks, carbon dioxide emissions have been lowered by around 70%, particle emissions have more than halved, while hydrocarbon emissions have been slashed by around 80%. third PS collection launches00 The third IKEA PS collection launches. PS stands for POST SCRIPTUM, or the latest additions to the world of IKEA design. The PS collection is one way of sharing our design values form, function and a low price. The first PS collection was presented in 15 in Stockholm and Milan and caused a great stir in the design world. In 1 the second generation of IKEA PS products debuted, and PS instantly became a more natural complement to the IKEA range. The theme of the 00 collection is the area between indoors and outdoors a place suited to our individual needs for relaxation and enjoyment. The goal is the same as always to make top-of-the-line design available to the many people.


IKEA marketing strategy


The IKEA vision, business idea and market positioning statement provide a framework for all IKEA marketing communication worldwide.


The IKEA vision is To create a better everyday life for the many people.


Our business idea is To offer a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them.


Our market positioning statement is Your partner in better living. We do our part, you do yours. Together we save money.


By communicating the content of this framework and encouraging customers to experience the IKEA concept, we are building the IKEA brand. The IKEA brand is the sum total of the emotional and rational values that consumers associate with the IKEA tradesmark and the reputation of our company. The brand image is the result of over 50 years work by IKEA co-workers at all levels all over the world.


What we do, what we say, the products we offer, the price we offer them at, the presentation of our range and the information we provide our customers all contribute to our image. The overall task of IKEA marketing communication is to build the IKEA brand and inspire people to come to the stores.


The IKEA concept builds on a relationship with the consumer. Nine key messages are used within the IKEA marketing communication to build this relationship and give an understanding of how we can fulfil our customers needs. These are briefly described below.


the IKEA concept is based on the market positioning statement. We do our part focuses on our commitment to product design, consumer value and clever solutions. By using inexpensive materials in a novel way and minimising production, distribution and retail costs, our customers benefit from low prices.


the IKEA product range is developed to be extensive enough to have something that appeals to everyone and to cover all functions in the home. The products are modern not trendy so they are practical enough for everyday use.


IKEA is the home furnishing specialist. IKEA products are functional and appealing, and enable many people to improve their home life through practical solutions to everyday problems.


low price is not appealing unless it represents good value for money. This is where IKEA is able to make a real difference. IKEA is committed to having a good relationship with our suppliers and so we are able to purchase good quaility, economically produced designs that are bought in bulk to keep costs down. By making all our furniture flat packed we cut down on transportation and assembly costs function


IKEA products are based on a functional approach to design. IKEA design means products that are attractive, practical and easy to use. They dont have unnecessary features, they give genuine solutions for specific home furnishing needs and are made of the most suitable materials for their purpose.


the right quality


The quality of a product must be appropriate for the intended use. For example there is no need for an expensive back panel on a bookcase if a less expensive alternative does a good a job as long as the bookshelf is used for the purpose it was intended for. IKEA products are subjected to rigorous tests to make sure that they meet national and international safety standards.


convenient shopping


The IKEA store offers everything under one roof, most of it available for immediate take-away. IKEA offers service where you need it, but allows customers to make most of the decisions themselves. This means that we need to make it easy to choose the right products by displaying them correctly, describing them accurately and having a simple returns policy.


a day out for the whole family


IKEA aim to look after our customers by planning for their needs. Not only do we provide inspiration and ideas, but we also encourage people to touch, feel and use the products on display to see how they would fit into their own home. We have new products arriving all the time, seasonal themes, play areas for children, special events and a great value family restaurant.


Swedish IKEA,


The key IKEA messages all have their roots in the Swedish origin of IKEA. Swedish furniture is light and fresh yet unpretentious. The warm welcoming Swedish style has become a model of simplicity, practicality, and informality that is now world renown.


the IKEA marketing mix


IKEA has a long tradition in marketing communication focusing primarily on printed media which has proven its values and success to the company over the years. Other media now being used to an increasing degree include TV, radio, and internet based communication.


The IKEA marketing mix consists of 4 different areas of focus.


the IKEA product range is our starting point. All other marketing communication is used to amplify the product range.


the store is the IKEA retailers primary medium for presenting and communicating the range, its low price and the IKEA concept.


the IKEA catalogue is the main marketing tool with around 70% of of the annual marketing budget being spent on this alone. It is produced in 8 different editions, in 17 languages for 8 countries. 110 million catalogues were circulated last year - three times higher than that of the Bible, with 1 million of these being available in the UK.


the IKEA advertising, PR and other types of communication are complements to the IKEA range, store and catalogue are used to spearhead the penetration of our target market.


the UK marketing department


IKEA advertising in the UK is intended to raise awareness of the IKEA brand and drive traffic to the stores. Some people love our unique style of retail advertising, some hate it, but everyone who sees our advertising has a strong opinion and subsequently it provokes conversation and debate. Despite having some of the most controvertial television advertising campaigns in the UK, we have raised awareness of our brand, let people know we are different to other home furnishing companies and most importantly increased sales. The advertising department includes all aspects of advertising and brand communication from television advertising and sponsorship to magazine and radio promotions. Advertising is used to support many different areas of the business including brand awareness, store themes, catalogue drops and store openings.


To remain at the forefront of a changing market we need as much research on customers, the home furnishing sector and our competitors, as possible. Many different areas of market research, reports and statistics both internal and external are taken into consideration when planning any communication or marketing campaign.


This is a European IKEA magazine that is available in all stores in Europe. It is also mailed out to 150,000 IKEA Home Card holders in the UK. It contains lifestyle features on IKEA customers and how they live, product news, and tips and ideas for the home. Similarly to the catalogue, this is produced centrally, but each country has control of a number of pages to communicate their country specific messages.


IKEA food services


The IKEA restaurants are important in providing our customers a place to eat and relax while shopping. There are different concepts offering food in IKEA stores in the UK currently. The main restaurant serves meals based on our Swedish heritage, with traditional dishes such as Gravadlax and meatballs with Lingonberry relish. There are also bistro areas which sell localised snacks such as; hot dogs in the UK, baguettes in France, and pizza in Italy. The IKEA Swedish food markets are also in every store and encourage customers to take home a taste of Sweden. The wide range of traditional Swedish foods helps customers understand our Swedish origins and also lives up to our low price promise.


IKEA.com is the global site where you have an overview of IKEA as a company. From the glodal site it is possible to access all local sites. One of the main tasks of the internet is to display product information and availability which is updated constantly. Background information about the company and store information is also crucial. Each store also has their own space with contact details and directions, events, speacial offers and local information.


communication and interior design


Com-in are a unique resource who work actively to secure our competitive advantage through the development of the IKEA retail concept and the store as a media. All Com-in specialists are from either an interior design background or visual merchandising, and are responsible for the presentation or our product offers using all current range presentation medias and techniques. The Com-in department gives the store inspiration and vitality and works closely with the store sales and logictics teams to ensure our customers always see something new and exciting, and want to come back again and again.


public relations


The primary concern of this function is to protect the IKEA corporate identity but also to communicate our vision, business idea, brand values, concept and trademarks. By informing journalists of news and information within IKEA through press releases, website information, catalogue distribution and product launches, we are able to communicate with a huge audience through their readers.


The overall identity of IKEA is based in Småland, historically and thrift are strong characteristics of the region and its people. All IKEA policies live up to this standard from the products we sell to our internal travel and recruitment procedures.


All areas of the IKEA marketing department work together to give consistent messages to our customers and strengthen our brand identity. By focusing on communicating the key messages of the IKEA concept, our vision and business idea we can work together to create our vision of a better everyday life for the many people.


IKEA are delighted that the First Secretary of State, the Deputy Prime Minister, has granted planning permission for a new Store at Edmonton, North London.The proposed store, which will create 500 new jobs, is 8,000 square metres in size and will be built at Glover Drive Upper Edmonton, next to the existing Tesco Retail Park. A new store will regenerate the disused brown field site and create jobs for local people. A new IKEA store at Edmonton shall allow us to reach many more of our potential customers and shall make life a lot easier for existing customers from the Edmonton catchment area, who currently have to spend a lot of time travelling to other stores to buy their IKEA goods.This is consistent with our strategy to bring IKEA closer to our wide spread customer base, reducing travel time and taking trading pressure off our 1 existing stores in the UK.Our ambitions are for another 0 stores throughout the UK, representing an inwardInvestment of some £1 billion pounds and bring forward 10,000 jobs.For further information please contact Shirley Jones atpruk@memo.ikea.com or tel. 008 78notes to editor- IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer and the UK is IKEA's second largest market.- IKEA group sales for the last fiscal year were nearly £7.7 billion with turnover in the UK of £74m.- Almost 86m people visited an IKEA store worldwide last year. In the UK, million people visited IKEA last year.- The vast majority of the 500 jobs will come from the local community; which will include sales jobs, skilled chefs, engineers, administrators, designers, carpenters and customer service staff.- We believe in supporting the local community, including schools, and in letting the community use our store as a resource.- The UK's first IKEA store was opened in Warrington in 187. Other UK stores are Brent Park, North London, Birmingham, Newcastle, Croydon, Leeds, Thurrock (East London), Nottingham, Bristol, Edinburgh and Glasgow. Our 1th store opened up its doors on the 6th November 0 in Cardiff.


How a regional press publisher helped IKEA achieve record returns from one of their regional stores


As the Henley Centre observe in their recent report The Future of Local Marketing, Theodore Levitts exhortation think global, act local has never had more resonance. This case study looks at how a leading furniture retailer successfully utilised the facilities and local knowledge of a regional newspaper publishing group to promote their Gateshead store and increase their local customer base.


Background


North East Trinity - the sales representatives for several leading regional newspapers in Tyneside and Teesside - first approached IKEA via their advertising agency to ascertain whether there would be any advertising support for the Gateshead store to celebrate the stores fifth anniversary on 10 July.


Having confirmed that there was no regional advertising support planned at that time. North East Trinity arranged with the store manager and operations director at IKEA Gateshead to promote a competition in the Newcastle Evening Chronicle. Children born on the stores opening date were asked to send in their names and addresses from which five were chosen at random and invited to come and play in the IKDA ball pool. Hidden amongst the balls was a single golden ball worth £50 in IKEA toys to the child who found the ball, while the four runners-up were given toys from IKEAs childrens range.


Marketing Objectives


A number of objectives were identified that the store wanted to meet, including


· to increase public perception of IKEA in the retail marketplace


· to enhance the IKEA brand name


· to maintain develop and expand the local customer base


· to establish IKEA as a key player in the furniture market


The store was also particularly keen to drive awareness and purchasing of larger items of furniture within the IKEA range.


The Campaign Strategy


North East Trinity prepared a creative campaign strategy designed to meet these objectives and to capitalise on the expected windfall opportunities presented by several Building Societies. It was noted that as many as one in three households in the local region were likely to benefit from the Northern Rock share issue in October 17 with an expected pay-out of £600m estimated for the local economy.


Upon approval of the creative campaign by the store manager and operations director, a full marketing document, which included an economic overview of the region, was prepared and presented to the UK marketing manager. This included local buying habits, market trend data, a report on Building Society windfalls, plus draft press schedules and visuals of their creative ideas with explanations for the thinking behind them.


The Creative Strategy


The idea was to target certain types of consumer by using real customers photographed in the Gateshead store. Studio sets were created depicting rooms furnished with items from IKEA and the ads appeared to have been written by the customers explaining why they had chosen selected items of furniture. North East Trinity organised the in-store photo shoots and wrote all the ads, while the Evening Gazette (Teesside) undertook the production work and supplied film for the other press titles on the media schedule.


The creative work started in August 17. The original four advertisement were so well received by the client that the number of executions was increased to twelve to also include the Childrens IKEA range and the Christmas sale.


The Media Strategy


The entire package, worth around £00k at rate card, was approved and confirmed. The campaign opened on Tuesday September in the Evening Gazette and the Newcastle Chronicle and widened to include The journal and the Sunday Sun over the weekend of 6/7 September. These four titles sustained the campaign over the next eleven weeks with regular insertions (mostly full tabloid page). To maintain freshness, the copy was rotated between the titles.


The rationale behind the timing of the campaign was to build awareness prior to the Northern Rock flotation as well as the traditional pre-Christmas buying season. Research shows that most people who buy furniture have planned their purchase several days in advance and only visited one or two stores beforehand. By the time of the Northern Rock flotation, when most of the local stores commenced their autumn campaigns, IKEA Gateshead had already been advertising for four weeks.


The Results


The campaign proved to be a great success. Research was conducted to establish the awareness and effects of the local press advertising and the impact of the Building Society windfalls, whilst exit polls monitored store traffic. The results of this survey must remain confidential, but, IKEA confirmed that -


During October and November, IKEA Gateshead achieved record figures for customer traffic and revenue and was the top performing store in the UK.


When North East Trinity approached us with their advertising proposals we were both impressed by their local knowledge and professionalism and amazed by their ideas, which were exciting and creative but stuck closely to IKEAs principles and strong corporate identity.


IKEA Gateshead took a local initiative and used the services of North East Trinity rather than the IKEA UK appointed agency (which was) a real first. Such enthusiasm, energy and friendliness made the relationship between us and them an enjoyable experience.


The thirteen week campaign was an unrivalled success, introducing thousands of new customers to the store as well as strengthening IKEA as the number one Home Furnishing retailer in the North East.


Tony Pearson, Store Manager - IKEA Gateshead


North East Trinity have proved that, with some lateral


Ikea began trading in Sweden in 14 and over the last 60 years it has expanded its trading locations to countries. It produces 110 million copies of its catalogue in 4 different languages. It began trading in the UK in 187 with its first store in Warrington. There are now 11 stores throughout the UK. Its main product range is furniture but also sells a vast range of other items for the home such as soft furnishings, housewares and pictures. The companys philosophy is one of good design and function at low prices. In 001 it turned over €10.4 billion (£6.6 billion) with 1% of sales coming from the UK.


Ikea began trading in Sweden in 14 and over the last 60 years it has expanded its trading locations to countries. It produces 110 million copies of its catalogue in 4 different languages. It began trading in the UK in 187 with its first store in Warrington. There are now 11 stores throughout the UK. Its main product range is furniture but also sells a vast range of other items for the home such as soft furnishings, housewares and pictures. The companys philosophy is one of good design and function at low prices. In 001 it turned over €10.4 billion (£6.6 billion) with 1% of sales coming from the UK.


Furnishings retailers


Key points


· 11.% growth since 17


· 5.5% increase in 001


· 4.% of total retail sales - down from 5.% in 17


· 10 reporting entities included in Retail Review account for 5.% of category sales - up by 8. percentage points since 17


· The top three retailers hold 18.% of category sales, up from 14.1% in 17


· IKEA is the largest company in the category with sales of £744 million in 000


· Courts has the fastest growth rate since 1 (+7%)


· Carpetright makes the highest net operating margin (1.8%).


One out of four companies reporting made a loss or had a margin of .0% or less in 000/01. Two made weaker margins than in the previous year.


Prospects and outlook


The leading group of retailers seems set for expansion as several emerging multiples, such as Furniture Village, edge towards the £100 million barrier. It remains to be seen whether expansion by these companies results in further consolidation among the bigger companies in the market or is at the expense of small multiples and independents.


Continued aggressive expansion by IKEA is bad news for the rest of the sector as additional space in existing stores and new stores will result in greater footfall and can only undermine share of expenditure held by competitors.


A number of players intend to increase their space in out-of-town stores, but have been frustrated by the planning process and lack of suitable sites. IKEA, for example, has ambitions to develop up to 0 stores in the UK and has around 0 sites under consideration. It has stated that if it secures five of these new sites it will be pleased given the strictures of planning policy.


Higher level of furniture purchasing at specialist stores, Argos and IKEA


Figure 17 shows the trend in furniture purchasing by broad types of outlets over the last four years. There was a higher level of purchasing in the last 1 months to September 00 compared to the research conducted in 000, indicating a more buoyant market. Specialist furniture and hardware stores recovered their position as the most popular type of outlet for furniture purchasing in 00, but are now facing an increasing challenge from multichannel retailer Argos and from IKEA, neither of which were more than minor players in the market at the beginning of the 10s. Other types of retailers which have increased their popularity include the DIY multiples/kitchen specialists and department and variety stores. MFI saw a sharp decline in popularity between 18 and 000 but shows a slight uplift in 00, indicating that the companys efforts to improve its product range and introduce a more aspirational appeal into its stores may now be working.


Figure 17 Types of outlets used for buying furniture, 18-00


November June September


18 000 00


Base adults aged 15+ 1,457 1,750 1,577


% % %


Other specialist furniture/houseware stores 16 1


Catalogue showroom (Argos and Index) 15 14 0


Argos 14 1 0


IKEA 10 1 17


DIY multiples/kitchen specialists 1 1 18


Other 1 15


Department/variety stores 10 14


MFI 1 8


Index 4 4 5


Mail order 5 5 5


Have not bought in the last 1 months 51 54 48


Dont know 1


[ Download CSV ]


less than 1%


other specialist furniture/houseware stores includes Courts, DFS, other specialist furniture chains (eg Furnitureland, Harveys, Sofa Workshop), independent specialist furniture store, bedroom specialists and houseware stores (eg Heals, Habitat, The Pier)


Figure 1 Outlets used by out-of-town shoppers, by demographic sub-group, lifestage and Mintels Special Groups, September 00


Base 777 adults aged 15+


Catalogue retailers Specialist furniture/ houseware retailers Argos DIY/ kitchen specialist IKEA Depart-ment/ variety stores MFI Index Mail order Other


% % % % % % % % % %


All 5 4 0 15 11 6 5 16


Men 4 5 5 0 15 10 6 4 14


Women 5 1 1 16 1 6 7 1


15-1 14 5 1 11 7


0-4 7 6 0 1 4 1 14 7


5-4 41 1 40 6 1 1 8 4


5-44 0 1 4 4 14 10 7 0


45-54 16 15 1 1 18 1 4 14


55-64 16 10 8 6 8 1 7


65+ 6 14 5 6 6 5 5 1 6


AB 7 4 6 8 4 7 17 6 1


C1 6 8 4 1 17 14 6 6 17


C 18 1 5 1 1 1 5 14


D 7 5 16 7 5 11 17


E 16 14 14 11 8 4 1


London 6 6 4 5 0 11 6 1


South 7 5 1 4 17 14 7 6 14


East/Midlands 6 18 18 1 1 6 6 14


Wales/ West/South West 8 1 1 1 1 1 8 16


Yorkshire/North East 4 0 0 18 1 1 8 5 15


North West 7 7 5 17 14 6 7


Scotland 1 16 18 6 4 10 7


Presence of children


Aged 0-4 46 7 44 0 4 1 14 10 1


Aged 5- 7 4 5 5 18 10 1


Aged 10-15 6 7 15 15 8 5 14


No children 17 1 16 17 17 1 10 4 4 14


Lifestage


Pre-/no family 7 5 5 18 1 7 6 1


Families 1 7 5 8 1 14 10 8


Third age 1 1 1 16 1 1 10 4 1


Retired 6 14 5 6 6 5 5 1 6


Special Groups


ABC1 pre-/no family 7 1 6 4 16 8 6 1


ABC1 families 7 7 5 1 5 8 18 7 6 4


ABC1 third age 14 8 1 0 18 16 14 15


ABC1 retired 10 4 10 10 7 10 6 7


Two full-time earners 8 5 16 4 4


One-person households under 65 16 1 15 14 7 15 8


Figure 4 Market shares of furniture and carpets, 18-00


18 000 00 % point change


% % % 18-00


IKEA 6.5 .4 1.1 +5.6


MFI 11. .8 10.5 -0.8


DFS 4.5 5.7 6. +1.7


Homestyle na na 5.0 na


Carpetright 4. 4.8 4.8 +0.5


Magnet .4 4.1 4.0 +0.6


Allied Carpets 4. 4. .8 -0.4


Courts .7 . . +0.5


Harveys . . na na


Moben .0 . . +0.


Bensons for Beds 1. 1.5 na na


Habitat 1. 1.4 1. -0.1


Furniture Village 1.1 1. 1. +0.1


Furnitureland 0.8 0. 0. +0.1


Multiyork 0.5 0.6 0.5 -


Landmark 0.6 0.6 na na


Landmark/New World of Leather - 1. na na


Uno/World of Leather 0.6 - na na


SCS 0.5 0.5 0.6 +0.1


Total large multiples 48.4 55.8 56. +7.8


Department/variety/catalogue stores 11.0 11.0 1.0 +1.0


Mail order 5.0 4. 4.0 -1.0


DIY Stores .8 .5 .8 -


Small chains, independents and other 1.8 5.4 4.0 -7.8


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 -


[ Download CSV ]


Harveys acquired by Homestyle in 000


no longer trading in 00


Note market shares are for total furniture and carpets market. Retail sales look at specialists only


Source Mintel


Retailers store numbers


Figure 44 illustrates the fragmentation of the furniture retailing sector and the number of different types of retailer involved. It is not necessarily the players with the largest numbers of stores that are the leaders in the sector IKEA has only 11 stores, and yet has overtaken MFI in recent years, despite the fact that MFI has over 00 stores. The success of IKEA illustrates how vulnerable the UK furniture retailing sector is to new entrants which can offer a distinctive product offer and good value, backed up by a powerful and aspirational brand.


The high level of fragmentation in the furniture specialist sector makes it highly likely that further consolidation will occur as smaller chains are taken over or find it harder to compete. Since the last edition of this report in November 000 two furniture specialists have gone out of business, Conroys and Landmark, indicating that some smaller players are finding it hard to compete even in a buoyant market. Sofa Workshop has recently been bought by MFI, taking yet another smaller chain out of the market.


IKEA Ltd


Ownership and structure


IKEA, founded in Sweden, is now the worlds largest furniture retailer and also the leading furniture retailer in the UK. In 001 the IKEA Group had 14 stores in countries plus a further 0 stores owned and operated by IKEA franchisees. IKEAs stores in the UK now account for 1% of group sales, just behind the US with 1% and the leader Germany at 1%.


Store portfolio, design and refurbishment


IKEA opened its first UK store in 187 and currently has 11 stores in the UK. It is currently planning to invest up to £50 million in extending its 11 UK stores by up to 5% over the next five years. Stores ten and 11 recently opened in Glasgow, with a new store in Cardiff due to open in 00. All IKEA stores are large destination superstores in out-of-town retail parks with around 00,000 sq ft of space. They all have the same format, which requires customers to walk through the entire store, past all the product ranges, before they can reach the checkout. The stores also provide playrooms for children and restaurants offering Swedish cuisine, including hot meals.


Market positioning


IKEA is a volume retailer offering good design and quality at low prices. It attracts a young and fairly affluent audience through its quirky advertising campaigns but has also established a very strong appeal across the mass middle market on the strength of its value offer.


Merchandising/product mix


IKEAs product range covers everything needed to furnish the home, from fitted kitchens and furniture to beds and bed-linen, kitchenware, soft furnishings and garden furniture. All the goods are manufactured or sourced for IKEA and the same clean, simple, Scandinavian-style designs are sold in all IKEA stores across the world, providing significant economies of scale. Most of the furniture ranges consist of flatpack items which customers can pick up at the store, take straight home in their car and assemble themselves.


Financial performance


IKEA has managed to develop a successful retail formula that allows it to increase profits at an even faster rate than sales. Margins are very high compared to other mass-market retailers and have increased every year since 17, demonstrating the success of IKEAs low-cost business model in a competitive market.


Figure 55 IKEA UK Ltd, financial performance, 17-001


Year end August 17 18 1 000 001 % change


17-001


Turnover £m 6 481 585 745 801 +10.7


Pre-tax profit £m .8 85.8 110.8 14.0 16. +400.


Pre-tax margin % . 17.8 18. 0.0 1.1 -


[ Download CSV ]


Source Annual Company Reports and Accounts/Mintel


Advertising and marketing


IKEA is one the major advertisers in the sector, spending £4.6 million in 001. It uses TV, press and poster advertising in seasonal bursts, with quirky messages such as Chuck out your chintz and Its time to Live Unlimited. IKEA does not have sales periods, as its prices are fixed at the beginning of each year and maintained for the next 1 months, but it does offer up to 55 days interest-free credit. The IKEA catalogue is a major marketing tool, showcasing products in colour photographs with detailed descriptions and prices. Catalogues are supplied free in-store and also often door-dropped in store catchment areas or included as inserts with newspapers or magazines.


Operational issues


IKEA only sells own-brand goods and has of its own production plants in ten countries, although it also purchases products from approximately ,000 suppliers in 55 countries. Costs are kept low by dealing only in flatpack furniture, which reduces transportation costs, and by the use of in-house designers. IKEA does not offer free home delivery of items for customers, but larger items can be delivered for a charge.


Home shopping


IKEA does not offer home shopping either through its website or the catalogue.


Strategic evaluation


IKEA has succeeded through its combination of strong, contemporary designs, a strong brand personality and very good value. These factors all have a strong appeal for young people setting up home for the first time and for people with young children who want a stylish home but without spending a fortune on furniture which can be damaged by the wear and tear of family life. IKEA is a lifestyle retailer, offering people everything for their home at affordable prices, but still with a reputation for good design and good quality. The expansion of the store chain in the UK, coupled with IKEAs successful retailing formula, should lead to a further increase in market share.


IKEA also has a high spend relative to its low number of stores, but has used this money to build the brand and distribute the catalogue rather than to engage in price-based offers like the rest of the furniture retailing sector.


Figure 71 Main media advertising expenditure, by furniture retailers, January to December 001


000


DFS ,5


Courts 10,441


MFI Furniture Group Ltd 8,4


Furniture Village 5,687


Magnet Ltd 5,16


Moben Kitchens Ltd 4,876


IKEA UK Ltd 4,565


Harveys Furnishing Group Ltd


IKEA sets the standard


The Swedish group IKEA has, to some extent, dominated the retail scene since its arrival in the UK. Although smaller than MFI, with just eight stores, the IKEA concept of good design at affordable prices has improved the credibility of all self assembly furniture. Other players have had to match IKEAs quality, especially in key areas like ease of assembly and stability when assembled, which have not always been the most prominent features of the self assembly market. The other major challenge to MFI is coming from DIY multiples, while specialist outlets are suffering from lack of the necessary space to offer consumer choice.


The arrival of this Swedish business in the UK improved the image of flatpack furniture and turned it into a viable alternative to rigid ready assembled products. More contemporary design and the use of higher quality raw materials were the two key elements, but the products were also genuinely easy to assemble and offered a considerable price benefit. In addition, IKEA was able to service the demands of owners of smaller houses, already identified in this section of the report, in which it was sometimes impossible to transport larger items like wardrobes to the designated room in ready assembled form.


· IKEA is the largest company in the category with sales of £744 million in 000


· Courts has the fastest growth rate since 1 (+7%)


· Carpetright makes the highest net operating margin (1.8%).


Continued aggressive expansion by IKEA is bad news for the rest of the sector as additional space in existing stores and new stores will result in greater footfall and can only undermine share of expenditure held by competitors.


IKEA


IKEA is a Swedish-owned furniture retailer that offers a small range of home appliances to complement its kitchen range.


Company overview


Founded in the 150s by Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA is controlled by the same family today, through a complicated structure of charitable and industrial trusts. IKEA Group controls all IKEA retail operations, while Inter IKEA Group owns the brand name; a third strand of the empire, Ikano Group, has owned Habitat since 1.


IKEA currently has 11 out-of-town superstores in the UK, located as follows


Brent Park, London Bristol


Croydon Edinburgh


Glasgow Gateshead


Leeds Nottingham


Thurrock, Essex Warrington


Wednesbury, Birmingham


Glasgow was the latest store to open, in September 001. IKEA has an aggressive expansion programme in the UK, planning to open 0 new stores by 010 and at least two new distribution centres. Areas targeted for new openings include London, Manchester, South Birmingham, South Wales, the South Coast and the M1 corridor. However, it is rumoured to be having trouble finding suitable sites, and therefore may be considering splitting showrooms from warehouses.


IKEA stores are large - around 00,000-50,000 sq ft - and contain both showroom and warehouse. In the showroom area, room-like displays encourage consumers to sit down and try the sofas, beds, etc. Each area has a sales desk staffed by an expert in that product sector, but in general, staffing is at a minimum.


Merchandising/product mix


IKEAs core range is furniture, with a fully stocked store featuring almost 10,000 items, increasing to 80,000 when colour and size options are taken into account. Almost all the merchandise is own-brand, with Scandinavian product names. In white goods, IKEA sells only one brand, Whirlpool, and all appliances are free-standing. Its small range is restricted to dishwashers, refrigeration equipment and microwaves.


Financial performance


The Kamprad family no longer releases profits figures for IKEA, but 000 sales were estimated at £700 million. No indication of sales of white goods are available.


Home shopping


Although it produces a catalogue, IKEA does not offer any goods for sale by mail or telephone order. It has an informational website (www.ikea.co.uk), and in 001 was testing online ordering through outlets in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. However, it is likely to be a long time before transactional capabilities are extended to the UK.


Strategic evaluation


IKEA has a marginal presence in the white goods market, and this is likely to remain the case, as it concentrates on own-brand furniture and housewares


Ikea


Ikea began trading in Sweden in 14 and over the last 60 years it has expanded its trading locations to countries. It produces 110 million copies of its catalogue in 4 different languages. It began trading in the UK in 187 with its first store in Warrington. There are now 11 stores throughout the UK. Its main product range is furniture but also sells a vast range of other items for the home such as soft furnishings, housewares and pictures. The companys philosophy is one of good design and function at low prices. In 001 it turned over €10.4 billion (£6.6 billion) with 1% of sales coming from the UK.


Today, consumers are less loyal to brands in general but more loyal to lifestyle brands. Lifestyle brands are those which tell others something about ourselves, they are a physical sign of who we are. These brands define the individual and identify him or her as a member of a specific social group or tribe.


Modern brands are increasingly moving over to a lifestyle position. Brands are no longer aspirational, today they are increasingly lifestyle-orientated, they present ideas to live by. The most successful modern brands like Nike, Ikea, Virgin and Body Shop are all lifestyle brands. The problems facing retail brands like Marks & Spencer is their failure to define themselves in terms of their customers lifestyle.


Of the lifestyle brands, the leaders are those that have combined high creative content with low prices. Some commentators have labelled these maverick brands, because they defy the traditional logic that quality products and products with high creative input must necessarily be expensive. Like consumers today, who wish to beat the system (see next), maverick brands do likewise. Maverick brands provide high fashion at high-street prices. Typical maverick brands are Ikea and Virgin.


Lifestyle and maverick brands have succeeded because, in todays crowded consumer markets, with several thousand new products hitting the market every year, these brands have managed to make a distinctive position for themselves.


The UK furniture retail trade has been losing share of retailing. The sector is dominated by large space out-of-town retailers, most notably IKEA, MFI, Carpetright, Allied Carpets and DFS. The large companies are under threat from a number of rapidly growing smaller businesses that are beginning to make their mark nationally. Within the sector Homestyle has grown rapidly through acquisition and its rate of growth has been helped by the takeover of Sleepmasters and the Bed Shed group. Within the furniture sector IKEA is a highly successful company which has traded very strongly in the UK. IKEA is expanding through adding new space in major conurbations. The company has its own distinctive styling and has not significantly redesigned its stores in recent years. In order to compete, a Conran Design for MFI has helped the company to implement a turnaround plan. Courts is another example of a furniture retailer which is implementing new store designs in order to compete effectively in the sector.


The most successful company in the sector in recent years is, without question, IKEA. From a standing start in the late 180s, the company is outright market leader among specialists and has an ambitious expansion programme that sees potential for nearly twice as many stores as it has at present. It is only the fact that it cannot get the sites it wants as quickly as it wants that prevents the company from achieving its ambitions. It is having to satisfy its expansion needs by a programme of extending existing stores, where space permits, to meet demand.


IKEA


IKEA, which now has ten stores in the UK, publishes a 50-catalogue annually, but has no home ordering service either from the catalogue or online. Home delivery from its stores of goods purchased by personal shoppers can be arranged at the store with a third party contractor.


An independent retailer to attract attention for developing an online presence is London-based Lordship Furnishers. It has opted for the route of offering significant discounts over high street prices for brand name furniture. It carries over ,000 products in its online range and provides free delivery in London and the Home Counties. The company has attracted media attention by publicising the fact that several leading brand name companies are refusing to supply its online operation due to its price discounting policy. The company intends to capitalise on its name for discounting by developing its online operation under the furniturebusters brand name.


IKEA regularly invests in main media campaigns, and in September 17 launched a poster campaign emphasising the idea that a persons character can be defined by the furniture they buy. The campaigns focused on individual items, which were used to illustrate how people could express themselves through furniture.


IKEA


IKEA has become a household name in the UK, voted the favourite furniture retailer among UK consumers in a survey in the Cabinet Maker trade magazine in 00. The company, formed as a mail order business in Sweden in 14, operates from 11 stores in the UK. IKEA has plans to open 0 new stores in the UK.


IKEA is clearly committed to the home office furniture sector, in that it has a dedicated in-store department and 8 pages in its 00 catalogue devoted to home office furniture, using the theme of comfort and efficiency, with style. The 00 catalogue also promotes IKEAs Cubic theme, offering products that make greater use of wall space for storage above its range of compact desks. Products are self-assembly and mainly positioned at the budget to mid-market areas of the market. To further reinforce its role as a leading supplier of home office furniture in the UK, IKEA now also offers a separate 70-page Work IKEA catalogue. A wider range of products is offered, including ergonomically designed furniture and accessories for general workspace, storage and business meetings, which is likely to appeal to small business and domestic users alike.


IKEA


As a major player in the market, IKEA has become known for good-quality design and value for money. Indeed, it has been commented that the retailer has been instrumental in raising the profile of design among UK consumers through advertising campaigns such as Chuck out your chintz. Recent reports give it around 8% of the total furniture market in 00.


Virtually all of its furniture is sold in flatpack format, thereby giving the retailer strengths in the non-upholstered living room and also the dining room furniture sectors. This emphasis on flatpack has itself done much to elevate the profile of this segment within the market.


Leading to practical involvement for the family


Entertainment values have encouraged families to watch the makeovers, but it is also becoming common for whole families to be involved in projects around the house. This is a key trend for the 000s, with outlets such as B&Q and Ikea seeking to broaden their consumer appeal. The end result may well be a family room for games, redecoration of rooms in a style favoured by children, or the creation of a garden for family activities. This trend can also be seen as a part of general cocooning - the desire to spend most leisure time in the home, entertaining friends for meals or barbecues, and investing in home entertainment products, such as DVD and widescreen TVs.


Leading to practical involvement for the family


Entertainment values have encouraged families to watch the makeovers, but it is also becoming common for whole families to be involved in projects around the house. This is a key trend for the 000s, with outlets such as B&Q and Ikea seeking to broaden their consumer appeal. The end result may well be a family room for games, redecoration of rooms in a style favoured by children, or the creation of a garden for family activities. This trend can also be seen as a part of general cocooning - the desire to spend most leisure time in the home, entertaining friends for meals or barbecues, and investing in home entertainment products, such as DVD and widescreen TVs.


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Monday, March 22, 2021

Doctors of the Holocaust

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Arthur Caplan, editor of When Medicine Went Mad Bioethics and the Holocaust, states, "The Holocaust, unlike many other instances of mass killing, was scientifically inspired, supervised and meditated genocide." Since all genocides are a grand-scale effort to systematically eradicate populations, their success hinges on having large portions of a nation going along with genocidal policy. The individuals in a society must be convinced of genocide's legitimacy in ‘their case', they need to forget that it is murder. Genocide obtains it legitimacy for the people of a nation from professionals, those knowledgeable individuals that provide the ideological, intellectual, and scientific basis to justify the complete destruction of a group. It is the status these professional hold that okay destructive actions, all of the statements they make are thought to be important as well as accurate. A well-educated man in good standing...How could he be wrong?


In the case of Germany, doctors began small. Doctors began to try and use hygiene and sanitation to fight diseases such as typhus, cholera, plague, influenza, and smallpox. They then identified Jews as carriers of these diseases. And it was not long before these associations forced the Jews into small, overcrowded ghettos. This was, of course, justified and necessary, given the doctors' finding regarding these diseases. These ghettos were without proper sanitation, and considering the extreme overcrowding, there was soon quite an outbreak of disease, and the doctors had their ‘proof' that Jews were dirty and diseased. In fact the Jews became the disease in people's minds. It was the reports by doctors that truly turned people against the Jews. Dirty and diseased, they were no better than cockroaches. Genocide would be necessary in order to maintain the health of Germany.


In Mein Kampf, Hitler explains, "Anyone who wants to cure this era, which is inwardly sick and rotten, must first summon up the courage to make clear the causes of the disease." Of course, he was referring to the Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals that were ‘contaminating' the German race. This is the ideology behind the medical experimentation in sanitation and hygiene, that led to the gas chambers and euthanasia...all in an effort to rid the German race of it unwanted members.


"Medicine and science had played crucial roles both in fostering of Nazi ideology and in implementing the final solution." (Caplan) While medicine and science were being utilized, they had taken on a very different form. They were not treating individuals, but torturing them. It is obvious that the Hippocratic oath was either forgotten, or large, significant parts were completely ignored.


The Hippocratic Oath(Original Version) I swear by Apollo the physician and Aesculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation.I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgement, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art. I will not cut persons labouring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further, from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves.


So while the torture continued it was thought of as a means to an end. The murder of Jews was thought of as a way to heal the German race. In what has been called the ‘healing-killing' paradox, SS doctors found a loophole in the immoral act of murder in the name of healing those worth saving, Germans. Murder was to them a furthering of their commitment as doctors to the preservation and enhancement of life, as it was seen as purification. All acts were justified under these ideals.


Dr. Josef Mengele, the Auschwitz ‘Angel of Death' was a geneticist who joined those concepts with Nazi ideology. He followed Galton's ideas of eugenics, a concept that came about due to a mid-nineteenth century English professor by the name of Sir Francis Galton. Galton believed that the inherited traits of an individual would benefit society and humankind by identifying them and then improving positive ones while eliminating negative ones. (Gutman 17) It was not until after Hitler's rise to power that eugenics became popular, though. It was then that it changed towards racial genetics. Eugenics gave Nazis the scientific foundation for removing and exterminating those persons with mental illness, incurable diseases, as well as sterilization of those thought to be carrying hereditary illness or deformation.


In 17, Dr. Mengele was hired by Professor Otmar Freihorer von Verschauer to work as his assistant at the Institute of Heredity and Racial Hygiene at Frankfurt University. Von Verschauer pursued research on twins as it was "the most efficient method to ascertain inherited human traits, particularly diseases." (Gutman 18) Most of Mengele's experiments he will later conduct at Auschwitz can be traced back to Von Verschauer. Mengele was molded by Von Verschauer, and continued what he began in the search for constructing the perfect Aryan race.


Mengele's work at Auschwitz consisted of twins as much as was possible. Not only was researching two nearly identical people a way to save time and increase efficiency, Mengele also was searching for ways to induce multiple births. This would make repopulating the world with Germans a much less timely endeavor.


Mengele utilized many methods of experimentation. During anthropological exams, every body part was examined and measured. Detailed documentation was kept of every one of his subjects. Details about the shape of faces, color of skin, etc were kept in the documents. Dental examinations were performed in which plaster casts of the jaws were made. Mengele was fastidious in his accounts of the exams.


Sara Seiler Vigorito was a child when she was at Auschwitz. Based on the year she spent in Mengele's private laboratory, she wrote an essay entitled, "A Profile of Nazi Medicine The Nazi Doctor-His Methods and Goals." In the essay she described Mengele. "He would not tolerate carelessness and he demanded respect from his colleagues and "patient" victims. He was extremely intelligent and although his victims feared him, he was never thought of as a monster. Rather it was the depth of his intellect twisted into a science of human destruction that we, even the youngest of his victims, feared most." In her memoirs she wrote


"Dr Mengele approaches a wooden cage in which two small children are imprisoned. He points to one of the children and orders that the child be brought into the examining room. The child is layed onto the examining table naked. Its mouth gagged and its eyes are blindfolded. Assistants hold the child down onto the table on each side. The doctor steps forward with his scalpel and makes a long incision into the child's left leg along the tibia. He then begins to take scrapings from the bone. When he is finished, the leg in bound up and the child is returned to the cage... nothing is given for the pain."


These kinds of experiments were thought of as a necessary evil. The victims have been reduced to a subhuman level, and therefor do not need to be treated ethically. The experiments are justified in the name of science and the purification of the Aryan race.


Other tests by Mengele included the more standard collection of blood, urine, stool, and saliva. Archives of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum contain numerous requests for analysis bearing Mengele's signature. (Gutman 4) But some experiments were performed that seem to have absolutely no bearing on Mengele's interest in purification, or anything else fathomable.


Vera Alenander, a Jewish prisoner, confined to the barracks for twins in the Gypsy camp testified


"One day Mengele brought chocolate and special clothes. The next day, an SS man,


on Mengele's instructions, took away two children, who happened to be my favorites


Guido and Nino, aged about four. Two, perhaps three days later the SS man brought


them back in a frightening condition. They had been sewn together like Siamese twins.


The hunchback child was tied to the second one on the back and wrists. Mengele had


sewn their veins together. Their wounds were filthy and they festered. There was a


powerful stench. The children screamed all night long. Somehow their mother


managed to get hold of some morphine and put an end to their suffering."


(Gutman)


After weeks of torturous experimentation and examinations, twins would be taken to the dissection lab. One famous account, tells of Mengele's assistant rounding up fourteen pairs of twins in the night. They were placed on a marble dissection table and put to sleep. After they were asleep he injected chloroform into their hearts, which killed them instantly. Mengele then began dissecting them and and meticulously noting each and every piece of the twins' bodies. But the examinations still continued. Their organs and tissue samples were sent to the Institute of Biological Racial and Evolutionary Research in Berlin.


In the early forties it was generally thought that the extermination of the Jews should be handled quickly for reasons of practicality. But many of the Nazis wanted this opportunity to exploit the Jews using their potential as laborers. However, as the whole point of the Holocaust was to purge the German race of ‘inferior humans', the Jewish workers would need to be sterilized in order to prevent further contamination of what would be the perfect Aryan race. This was easily justified, considering the prisoners were condemned to death anyway. They were simply allowing them to live a bit longer in order to use them for slave labor. "With no ethical considerations at issue, a more opportunistic surgical laboratory than Auschwitz could hardly be imagined." (Gutman 04)


Dr. Karl Clauberg was another major player in the camps at Auschwitz. He showed a great deal of promise. At only, he received his Habilitation (an endowment that gave him lecturer and professorial abilities based on extensive research in a scientific field). Many of his developments are still used today, in fact. Progynon and Prolution were both developed by Clauberg, and are used to treat infertility. But on a personal note he was said to be, "short, bald and unlikable." Many survivors speak of his crude, joking manner and his general dislike by other camp officers. Dr. Wirths, the head doctor at the camp is quoted as saying that in the end, Clauberg had," gone to the dogs, become an alcoholic and a totally unscrupulous character."


Dr. Clauberg's main objective was to develop a serum, which by injection, could sterilize women. This was to be used by the Nazi party to make sure that none of the untermenschen (sub-human races) were allowed to breed. An injection, which is believed to have been Formalin and/or Novocaine, was injected into the cervix, which caused blockages in the fallopian tubes. At any given time, Clauberg could have up to three hundred women in his famous Block 10, also known as Clauberg's block. He was able to keep them there by threatening them with Birkenau, which meant a sure death. He also tried to convince them he wanted to take them to his clinic which was near Auschwitz. Dr. Johannes Goebel served as Clauberg's assistant, who helped develop the serum as well as perform the injections. Between the two of them, the number of women sterilized was over several thousand. The injections brought about many effects besides the blockage of the fallopian tubes. Uterine membranes, including the entire membrane of the womb was, in most cases, burned away along with other vital organs.


Dr. Horst Schumann came to Auschwitz in August of 141. Himmler had chosen him to do reaserch in which the goal was to raise the rate of effectiveness of x-ray sterilization. By late 14, Schumann was at work in Block 0 at Birkenau. He usually chose young men and women as test subjects. Female subjects were placed, naked, between two plates that pressed against the abdomen and back. The men pressed their genitals on a specially designed plate. The subjects were then exposed to radiation for between five and eight minutes. After the treatment, most women still had to undergo the removal of their ovaries. Following the norm, no attention was paid to health risks involved. Infections ran rampant due to the choice of procedure utilized. The procedure used was a horizontal cut across the pubic area as opposed to an opening at the abdomen. The ovaries were then sent to an outside lab for further testing. Many survivors report they had one or two testicles removed in a crude fashion. Some also mention a small instrument, ( that Schumann often boasted he had made himself) which was inserted through the rectum and scraped against the prostate, forcing men to ejaculate. It is estimated that approximately two hundred men underwent both x-ray sterilization and castration. Ninety of these operations took place on one day, December 16, 14. Almost one thousand prisoners were subjected to x-ray sterilization.


Almost all medical experimentation was encouraged officially, as they were a direct reflection of racial theory and policy. Hitler clarified this when he maintained that there was necessity of not only sterilization, but elimination of "life unworthy of life." There is evidence that the sterilization and castration experiments performed at Auschwitz by doctors Carl Clauberg and Horst Schumann were supported by SS official Himmler as he provided ample research materials to the camp. In fact, it was Himmler who first precipitated the idea of creating an agent to block the fallopian tubes.


Besides resulting in the deaths of countless prisoners, the ruthless medical experiments also resulted in the Nuremberg trials. After the war was over and the camps were liberated, 4 German physicians were brought to trial at the Nuremberg Medical Trial, which began in October of 146 and lasted until August of 147. Sixteen were found guilty, of which seven were given the death penalty and nine were imprisoned. They were executed on June ,148.


From this trial the Nuremberg Codes were developed, a 10-point code of human experimentation ethics which sets the general agenda for all future ethical and legal questions pertaining to the conduct of human experimentation. These codes were developed to ensure that history would not repeat itself, but they in time became insufficient as in 147 when they were developed, most human experimentation was of a non-therapeutic design and was more directed to exploring basic processes. Thus, in 164 the World Medical Association issued the Helsinki Declaration which differentiated between therapeutic and non-therapeutic clinical research.


Not one of the doctors discussed here in detail, were among those tried. Dr. Josef Mengele fled Auschwitz in January of 145. He then went to the Gross-Rosen death camp, but fled there before it was liberated in February of 145. He ran all over the world for a time. It was not until June 7th, 15 that West Germany issued the first arrest warrant for Mengele, and another five years passed before the University of Frankfurt, and that of Munich disavowed his medical degrees. He was never captured. It is thought that he died on February 7th, 17, suffering a heart attack while swimming. We do know that he was buried in a grave marked ‘Wolfgang Gerhard'. The body was exhumed in 185, and in more recent years, forensic evidence has positively identified the body as that of Josef Mengle.


Towards the end of the war, Russian troops were advancing towards Konigshutte, where Cluaberg had his clinic. He had sent some of his subjects to Ravensbrook, which is where he went, and continued his studies on sterilization. He was not there long before he went to be with Himmler, at Schleswig-Holstein. Clauberg was eventually captured by allied forces. He was sent to the Soviet Gulag where he spent three years before he was tried. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to 5 years. Three years later, he was found dead in his cell.


Horst Schumann ran away as well. He fled to Ravensbrook with Clauberg. He lived in Germany under a false name until he was identified, at which time, he fled again, to Sudan this time. Maybe he realized the magnitude of his horrendous acts, because he spent his time in Sudan treating sick Africans, and studying sleeping sickness. After almost seven years, he was identified, and fled to Ghana where he was apprehended and handed over to West German authorities. But, by this time, he was quite ill, suffering from malaria. He was found physically unfit to stand trial and released. He died in Germany in 18.


While these doctors escaped justice from the Nuremberg trial, from this trial the Nuremberg Codes were developed, a 10-point code of human experimentation ethics which sets the general agenda for all future ethical and legal questions pertaining to the conduct of human experimentation. These codes were developed to ensure that history would not repeat itself, but they in time became insufficient as in 147 when they were developed, most human experimentation was of a non-therapeutic design and was more directed to exploring basic processes. Thus, in 164 the World Medical Association issued the Helsinki Declaration which differentiated between therapeutic and non-therapeutic clinical research.


The Declaration did not have an absolute requirement of informed consent concerning therapeutic research as it introduced the concept of guardianship as sufficient means of obtaining consent. Such a condition seemed to undermine the Nuremberg Codes in that it potentially allowed for the doctor to take advantage of the patient in acting as his caretaker, just as the Nazi doctors had in taking care of their imprisoned patients. Nonetheless, between the two declarations much has been done to define the area of medical experimentation to avoid any repeat of the Holocaust atrocities, and modern-day doctors remain well aware of the issues at stake and the necessity for the preservation of human rights and ethics in every situation.


The atrocities committed at Auschwitz were horrendous, but Auschwitz is just one camp and Clauberg, Schumann, and Mengele were just three doctors. The horrors committed were so vile, they are what stay with the world, forever imprinting images of the emaciated, tortured, and grief stricken. Reading of the experiments performed cause discomfort in nearly everyone, even those completely removed from World War II.


The doctors involved in the Holocaust gave justification to genocide. It is because of these doctors that the people allowed the mass murder of so many innocents to occur. The doctors left behind a legacy that Germany, as well as the rest of the world is ashamed of, and rightly so, and the shame is not going away anytime soon. As late as 18 it was revealed that skeletal and tissue samples from holocaust victims were being used for teaching purposes in West Germany. Only an international outcry on the issue forced the German medical schools and institutions to bury their tissue sample collections in 10.


. In the book Hitler and the Final Solution by Gerald Fleming, there is a quote from Hitler that says, "Once I am really in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews." He nearly achieved his goal with the help of the Nazi doctors, killing nearly six million Jews.


Works Cited


Gutman, Yisrael and Michael Berenbaum. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press Indianapolis, 14.


Lagnado, Lucete Matalon and Sheila Cohn Dekel. Children of the Flames Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. William Morrow and Company New York, 11.


Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Concentration Camps Medicalized Killing in Auschwitz. Yad Vashem Israel, 184. p. 07-55.


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Thursday, March 18, 2021

Vulnerability of Children on Internet

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1.0 PART A VULNERABILITY OF CHILDREN TO INTERNET ADVERTISING


The internet-related advertising topic chosen for this report is the vulnerability of children to advertising on the Internet. This topic was originally suggested by Anu and was considered interesting because it is a contemporary issue, with growing importance due to the rapid change of technology in society.


1.1 HOW THE TOPIC WAS FOUND


A number of different topics were considered before advertising to children was chosen, such topics included


• Internet advertising aimed towards women


• Internet advertising aimed towards men


• "Silver surfers" internet advertising aimed towards the older generation


Internet advertising aimed towards children was eventually chosen because it was not being covered by another research group (other groups had chosen advertising towards women) and enough literature on the topic could be found to successfully complete the report (there was the concern that there would not be enough information about silver surfers).


After searching a number of online journal databases (such as findarticles.com, Factiva and ABI Informit) it was found that a number of the articles about using the Internet to advertise to children focused on the vulnerability of children. This issue mainly focused on a child's inability to clearly distinguish between content and advertising and the way in which advertisers were taking advantage of this.


1. IMPORTANCE OF THIS ISSUE


This topic is important because it is a new issue in the market due to the growing importance of children as not only an influence in the decision making process, but also a consumer group independently,


"Young children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing because of the amount of money they spend themselves, the influence they have on their parents spending (the nag factor) and because of the money they will spend when they grow up" (Beder 18, pp. 101-111).


The use of the Internet as an advertising medium is also a new concept, with the full extent of its effectiveness yet to be determined. Thus this area is important as it has not been fully investigated and such research would not only be interesting but also enlightening as to how this new medium affects this increasingly important consumer group, "This is a medium for advertisers that is unprecedented... theres probably no other product or service that we can think of that is like it in terms of capturing kids interest" (Beder 18, p.).


The ethical implications surrounding this issue are also important. There has always been debate around advertising methods aimed towards children because "Children lack the analytical abilities and judgement of adults" (Austin & Reed 1 p.55). Much controversy has been based around advertisers using such vulnerability to their advantage. This debate is heightened with the introduction of the Internet as an advertising medium, as the division between content and promotional material is often unclear. "Familiar and unfamiliar forms of adverts are springing up, increasing the commercial pressure on users, including children" (Borch nd. P.1) Through outlining how children react to and are affected by Internet advertising guidelines can be created and practices redefined in order to provide protection to this consumer group.


1. COMPARISON TO NON-INTERNET COUNTERPART


Advertising to children on the Internet has both similarities and differences to traditional methods of advertising. In all advertising mediums there has been controversy when the target group is children. This has much to do with the idea that despite different advertising methods used children are less able identify the selling element in an advertisement, "The notion that children do not understand the selling intent of commercials has been the most widely publicized fact about children and advertising" (Anon 001 p.1). Such a public concern links all advertising mediums when considering the vulnerability of children. The current controversy surrounding internet advertising aimed towards children is reminiscent of the concern expressed when television advertising started targeting children.


Similar to print advertising the messages on the Internet can be focused towards particular consumer groups through ad placement in a particular environment. The Internet also allows advertisers to communicate their messages on both an audio and visual level. This aligns with the effectiveness of television advertising.


The major difference with advertising on the Internet is the level of interaction from the consumer, "it provides strong potential for increasing customer involvement and satisfaction and almost immediate feedback for buyers and sellers" (Belch & Belch 001, p. 516). The Internet is seen as the most interactive medium with users choosing to participate i.e. surfing the net, emails games. The Internet is also considered to allow for a more prolonged exposure to the audience e.g. A user may stay on the Internet for at least 0 minutes with the advertisements present, as opposed to viewing a 0-second television commercial. Advertisements on the Internet can be said to have a longer life than those on other mediums.


Another major difference between the Internet and other advertising mediums is the ability for the Internet to not only be a source of communication but also a "transaction and distribution channel" (Hairong 00). This means consumers are now able to order and pay for a product which has been advertised at the same time and at the one location.


The rapidly changing nature of technology is also seen to differentiate the Internet as an advertising medium. The Internet is the only medium that is expected to continue to change dramatically as technology changes. This provides future opportunities for advertising to reach consumers on different levels and in different settings. The increased interactivity of the Internet has also raised ethical issues different from those found when using other traditional advertising mediums. The major concern focuses on the ability for the advertiser to blur the distinction between content and advertising on the Internet. This difference has brought new controversy to the area and also forced consumers to become more educated "Internet savvy" in terms of distinguishing the difference.


The internet also brings a new perspective to the idea of advertising regulation. Traditional methods such as TV, print advertising and radio have to conform to the Australian Advertising Codes. These codes ensure a standard is maintained within the advertising and takes actions to protect the consumer. As the internet is a global communications medium, enforcing such guidelines on internet advertising is difficult. Major issues focus around the lack of ability to enforce such regulations and prosecute those who violate them. Standards have been set in different countries, however the extent of their effectiveness is limited in the very fact that they only apply to resident companies of that countries. The issue of regulation makes the internet a much more controversial advertising medium.


The global nature of the internet also makes those who use it (in this case, children) more accessible to a larger range of information sources. Advertising to children on the internet has no geographical boundaries as opposed to traditional mediums which can only be viewed where they are broadcasted, transmitted to or sold. This also raises the issue that the internet makes children more vulnerable to messages and executions which may be considered inappropriate in their home country but acceptable in the country in which it was produced.


The internet also makes children more vulnerable to advertising as there is limited parental supervision, compared to traditional mediums. The internet is available on demand and children can access it at any time. This contrasts with traditional mediums, particularly broadcast where advertising to children is limited to a particular time slot (am 11am and pm 5pm). The internet also limits a parent's ability to control their child's response to advertising. Where a child may ask their parents to call a hotline for a competition or for a stamp to send in an entry form, they are able to email and submit personal details immediately and without parental consent. Such opportunity places more pressure on parents to monitor internet usage and educate children about internet advertising. Such measures are not needed to such a degree with traditional advertising methods.


.0 PART B ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES


.1 ARTICLE ONE ‘CHILDREN IN THE DIGITAL AGE'


Author Kathryn C. Montgomery


Source Media Awareness Network The American Prospect, No. 7, Jul-Aug. 16 http//www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/internet/kids_digital_age.cfm


Date accessed April 5th 00


Issues raised


The article focuses on inconsistency in multimedia technology's primary aim to enhance children's drive to learn and access information that transcends traditional settings by interactivity. It highlights how these vital advantages are counteracted by perils such as manipulative forms of advertising targeted at children which further generates problems in the existing media culture. It states how commercial forces contradict the initial claim for public benefit and use of civic values to gain support in exploiting this new medium. It also emphasises that related legislation, such as the 16 Telecommunications Act, are not central to the interests of children and are inadequately addressed for its long-term effect. Controversial issues such as how the advertisers' techniques shape the virtual landscape for children & their prime focus to be a separate set of experiences and values from adults are posed. This is elaborated by the advertiser's encouragement to get kids to develop ongoing cyber relationships with the brand to fulfil ‘micro-targeting' approaches. The article raises the need for strategic understanding in implementing an ideal approach to maximise benefits and minimise related concerns in regards to children vulnerability on the Internet. Concluding suggestions to guide public and private voluntary efforts involve ensuring universal access and creating a non-commercial children's civic sector to create a rich electronic legacy by developing safeguards for egregious advertising practices.


Critique


The article's outline of the initial impact from emergence of online media and assumptions in ‘potential' challenges are already confirmed and/or met by other present issues. It is also support by statistics of an outdated quality- eg. figures from a 14 survey of access to the Internet. Reference to legislation may have also been reviewed. There also appears to be a question of invalidity of arguments due to insufficient details and direct referencing from exemplified substantiation. In addition, the article would have been more informative if it lifted its narrow focus that solely addressed issues in the context of the United States. Despite the article's lack in current relevance, it presents a comprehensive illustration of advertiser's aim for seamless integration of content and advertising in a virtual environment for children. It then appropriately offers suggestions to address the posed predicament in regards to the blurred lines of advertising, information and entertainment. In this regard, it efficiently delivers foremost insight in "lucrative cyber-tot category" exploitation within the highly commercialised children's media culture.


. ARTICLE TWO ‘HEY, KIDS! LET'S PLAY ADVER-GAMES!'


Author Snider, Michael


Source Maclean's, December 00, Vol. 115, Issue 51, p. 6


Ephost@epnet.com


Date accessed April 11th 00


Issues raised


The article suggests that children today are becoming more technologically inclined "Generation Y Kids" and that advertisers are now using technology (the Internet) to target this group. Marketers feel that they need to be sly in their approach to create a relationship between the consumer and the product, as this group does not respond to traditional Internet advertising methods such as banners and pop-ups. ‘Immersive advertising techniques" are being used to blur the lines between content and advertising. Such techniques include freebies, contests and games.


It is being recognised that the Internet is a more lasting advertising medium and that children are unable, at times, to distinguish between content and advertisements. Pressure is being placed on parents to educate and monitor their children in order to protect them. Parents, however claim that some responsibility should be placed on the advertisers to act ethically.


Critique


The article mentions Internet usage by children in North America and the impact on their purchase habits. The article does not acknowledge that the effect of Internet advertising may differ with different cultures and social classes. Similarly websites are global communication tools but there is no mention of the effects on children globally. The article could isolate different trends amongst such groups.


The article does not identify the effects on children who have prolonged use of the Internet and prolonged exposure to advertising messages. This should be considered and the effect on children in terms of their later, adult consumer lives. Education is highlighted as an important way to ensure children are protected, however no information on how to educate children is given.


. ARTICLE THREE ‘SEEKING SEPARATION ARE KIDS PROTECTED FROM THE INTRUSION OF ADVERTISING ON THE INTERNET?'


Author Lehrer, Jeremy


Source Shoot, May 14th 1


http//www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0DUO/1_40/547776/p1/article.jhtml


Date accessed April 1th 00


Issues raised


The article raises the issue of whether children who use the Internet are able to distinguish between entertainment (games) and advertising as clearly as adult users. Children are seen as a major influence in the family decision making process and are assumed to be more easily ‘lured' by advertising, particularly on the internet, where boundaries between content and advertising are becoming more unclear.


Disney and Nickelodeon have addressed this issue on their websites through clearly labelling advertising, placing interstitial ‘bumper' pages between content and advertising and eliminating all advertising from areas used by children under five.


The role of the parent is very important in decreasing the vulnerability of children, but the question of just how much children can be protected is raised when considering that the characters and stories viewed on these websites are the marketable product.


Critique


The age group of the children referred to in this article is 6 to 14. This is a large bracket and different age groups may react differently. Similarly the effect of culture, class and gender are not discussed when considering how children are affected by advertising on the Internet. The article also does not mention how children can be protected by their parents and through education.


The article does provide practical examples of what companies are doing to try and make children more aware of advertising, showing how such concerns are echoed in society.


.4 ARTICLE FOUR ‘JUNIOR'S GOT MAIL- FROM A PITCHMAN'


Author S.G.T.


Source U.S. News & World Report, November 15 1, vol. 17, issue 1, p.110


http//bll.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=0&_ug=in+en%Dus+sid+60BDBFA%D0EB4%


Date Accessed April th 00


Issues raised


The article identifies the guidelines established by the Federal Trade Commission to protect children's privacy on the Internet. The guidelines are covered under the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (18) however critics believe there are shortcomings to the guidelines and that they do nothing to protect children from targeted marketing campaigns.


The article mentions how children are particularly vulnerable to campaigns that contain characters in which the child has formed a relationship with i.e. Cartoon characters and are more likely to be influenced by such messages. The antisocial effect of prolonged exposure to such messages on the Internet is also a concern not addressed within the guidelines.


In this context a comparison can be made between Internet advertising and television advertising. Similar concerns were expressed when television advertising started to focus on children.


Critique


The article mentions the guidelines created to protect a child's privacy on the Internet but there is no mention as to how these guidelines will be enforced and the consequences for a breach of the guidelines. The guidelines were created in the United States but there references as to how they will deal with the global nature of the Internet.


A comparison is made between the Internet and the initial concerns raised when television first started to target children. This comparison could be further investigated and presented. The article is quite dated and investigation into the areas outlined in the article could be used to identify the results on implementing such guidelines.


.5 ARTICLE FIVE ‘PIED PIPER EFFECT'


Author Dan Kaufman


Source Icon, Sydney Morning Herald, May 1st 00


http//www.smh.com.au/articles/00/05/1/1056815.html


Date accessed May 1st 00


Issues raised


The article outlines the findings of a study conducted by Jakob Nielsen on how Australian children under 1 years old use the Internet. The study found that these children were unable to tell the difference between advertising and content, particularly in terms of banner advertising. The study found that websites often identified advertising but children could not recognize the identification as much as adult users.


The article also accuses advertisers of being aware of their unethical approaches taken to target children with Internet advertising. It is possible for ethical advertisements to be created, but it is unlikely that advertisers would do so. It is believed that children are able to learn how to understand Internet advertising and be wary of approaches but it requires parental guidance. An example is that children have become aware of privacy issues on the Internet and disclosing personal information as a result of parental concern and action.


Critique


The article provides findings of study conducted solely on Australian children. To provide an international perspective results from similar studies conducted in other countries could also be presented and a comparison made. The article could also make reference as to how culture, social class and gender affect the results and children's responses to Internet advertising.


The article is quite recent providing an insight into the issue at present. References could be made as to how the results have changed from past studies and be used to make predictions as to how this issue will develop in the future.


.6 ARTICLE SIX ‘FOR KIDS ON THE WEB, IT'S AN AD, AD, AD, AD WORLD.'


Author Ellen Neuborne


Source Business Week, August 1th 00, Issue 745, p108, p, 1 Chart, c


Date accessed May 10th 00


Issues raised


This article reports on the different Internet advertising techniques aimed towards children such as, Product placement in online games; children are e-mailing advertisements to each other; the use of online chat rooms and bulletin boards by companies to advertise. The article also provides Advice to parents on how to respond to such advertising.


The article also points out that advertising which utilises changing technology, particularly wireless technology is having a greater impact on children, compared with traditional methods. An example of this is how many companies today such as, FoxKids.com, Burger King and McDonald's are using online games containing branding to promote their products and increase product recall.


Although under the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, forbids companies are forbidden to use e-mail to sell to kids under 1, promoters are still doing so through sending e-mail or e-cards with icons or hyperlinks their website.


The article ends with advice given to parents on what to do to prevent their children being taken advantage of from online advertising.


Critique


This article talks about the current trend of the wireless technology and also provided the methods for parents to keep watching of their Kids' while they are in the World Wide Web (WWW). It talks more about the Kid's playing Internet games than other way. It may better to include some other way of the Kids by visiting WWW, for example, downloading and searching.


.7 ARTICLE SEVEN ‘CHILDREN AND ADVERTISING ON THE INTERNET ‘


Author Anita Borch


Source http//www.norden.org/nicemail/issues/twelve/advertising.htm


Date accessed May 5th 00


Issues raised


This article raises the issue of the sort of commercial influence to which a child can be exposed to on the Internet. It focuses on the typical forms of advertising rather than on "illegal" advertising, such as commercials for alcohol and tobacco.


It highlights to what degree and in what way can various forms of Internet advertising be identified and recognized as targeting children. Some examples include banners and incentive advertisements, text commercials, sponsorship and many others, which not only act as commercials but also function as gateways linking directly or indirectly to advertiser's home page. This type can be especially appealing to young people, a user group that generally responds positively to advertising and is characterized by strong buying preferences and weak purchasing power. These commercial homepages seem to be the most widespread form of Internet advertising targeting children. It suggests that these commercial home pages (hyperlinks) have an obvious potential side effect. Not only do they encourage non-linear reading, but can also enhance the effect of advertising that targets children.


Another issue raised is the advertising conveyed through news groups and email. This type of volume of advertising aimed at children is expected to grow as Internet improves and more children get their own Internet addresses.


However, in a present study investigators still do not know which messages children see through as Internet advertising, that is, whether they more readily see through spam than through newsletters. Also, they still do not yet know whether children can distinguish the differences between information, entertainment, market analysis and product ordering.


Critique


This article provides findings of children's usage of the Internet in Norway and how various forms of commercials can have an impact on the children. This study not only focuses on the senders of the advertising but also the receivers (children). But it is not yet known whether advertising works as intended. The age of the child and form of the advertisement are decisive for children's understanding of advertising, yet, investigators do not yet know whether these criteria apply equally to children's understanding of Internet advertising.


.8 ARTICLE EIGHT ‘ONLINE ADVERTISERS TARGETING PARENTS TO REACH KIDS'


Author Michael Pastore


Source http//cyberatlas.internet.com/markets/advertising/print/0,541_45681,00.html


Date accessed May 7th 00


Issues raised


The article raises the issue that, according from a report by AdRelevance, on the first quarter of 000, marketing advertisers want to reach kids online will start shifting their focus from children to both kids and families. At the same period, online advertising by companies are targeting to children declined 56% as targeting to families grew 6% between May 000 and August 000. In the article, it attached a clear table to show the percent share of impression to kids and family-focused advertisers. Apart from the Internet advertising, television, entertainment and movie have 0% of advertising targeted to kids and family-focused advertising.


The overall industry trend is to target or reach parents and kids at the same time. According from the AdRelevance report, the advertisers are going to protect children by ensuring that advertising content is distinguishable from editorial. "We're seeing more and more ads on these sites flagged with text or graphics to make it clear to both parents and kids that banners are paid advertisements" Buchwalter said. Anther example from Fleetkids.com, they try to build the Fleet Brand as a source of knowledge for children to learn financial responsibility, helping the parents to educate their kids. In the article it also provide an interesting founding is that kids aged between to 11 click on Webs ads more than any other age group, while teens age at 1 to 17 click at a lower rate than the other age groups due to teens are only click on ads that are highly targeting to their interest, such as ads that provide useful information or offer free samples.


Critique


The article mentions that the overall children advertising industry trend is switching from just reaching kids to both parents and kids. The highest click on Web ads age bracket are kids age to 11, the article should explain more on why the companies have that switching action. Because kids still have a higher clicking rate.


The article also provides the Web page's percentage of targeting to the kids ads and family ads. It can help the family to choose which web pages are suitable for their children. Because nowadays, children can surf or browse some adult's Web site, therefore, parents have to protect their children by choosing some educated and suitable Web sites for them.


. ARTICLE NINE ‘DOING IT FOR THE KIDS ONLINE BRANDING'


Author Louise van Rooyen


Source http//www.bandt.com.au/articles/e/0c004e.asp


Date accessed May 5th 00


Issues raised


The article addresses the fact that building brands online is a difficult and challenging task for companies who wish to shift their current branding success offline, into the World Wide Web. It is thought that previous and current online branding and advertising were unsuccessful due to their inefficiencies or their potential not being maximised. Marketers are now seeking creative methods of branding products online that not only grab attention in the marketplace, but also are also ‘cost-effective and measurable.'


This sudden course of action is now receiving more attention because marketers have realised the role and importance of branding, and only recently begun to assess the effectiveness of online advertising.


The article gives several suggestions on how to effectively convey brands online. To begin with, the brand must be honest and passionate. Then, the website must be user-friendly, that is, free from clutter and easy to access. The website should also be clear, relevant and possess valuable content, as opposed to being flashy and over-animated. Kid's brands such as Tonka and Barbie are said to have successfully conveyed their brands online because their website designs have applied the previous suggestions. Furthermore, the article suggests that in order to have a well conceived website, marketers should ‘profile the needs of the greatest common denominator of the internet audience', which is believed to be the casual browser.


Critique


One of the major issues that this article fails to realise is that the Internet is a global communication system, therefore, it is much harder to cater for everyone's needs as these differ from country to country. What can be seen as a user-friendly website in one country, may be viewed as confusing to another due to different levels of education. Also, who's to say that the ‘greatest common denominator of the internet audience' are casual browsers, and also, what constitutes as casual?


Also, some of the references and ideas given are fairly ambiguous. For example, a study conducted by Forrester Research was used to justify a notion, however, there is no specific indication of when it was conducted because their idea of recent could be a span of 10 years. The way the study was conducted could also have been biased, yet this remains unknown as details were not specified. The same problem lies with stating an idea that was proposed by author, Rita Clifton. No details are given as to who she is or if they are her professional opinions, and if so, is she qualified to do so.


.10 ARTICLE TEN ‘TARGETING CHILDREN ONLINE INTERNET ADVERTISING ETHICS ISSUES'.


Author M. Jill Austin, Mary Lynn Reed


Source Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16 No. 6 1, pp. 50-60


http//www.ies.luth.se/home/mf/tim/html/Consumer/Targeting%0children%0online.pdf


Date Accessed May 4th 00


Issues raised


This article as the title suggests, is about how advertisers target children online through their website and also addresses what constitutes as ethical when advertising to children via the Internet. The paper is essentially divided into 4 main parts


1. An examination of child behaviour.


. Rules and regulations that have been established to protect children from inappropriate advertising.


. Concern over the various tools that are used by advertisers and marketers to target children online.


4. Recommendations to both companies and parents who wish to protect children's interest.


It is stated that surfing the Internet is fast becoming a favourite pastime for many American children, with 6 million now online. Children are entertained by interactive games and chances to win prizes, however many wonder if advertising to children online is appropriate due to their vulnerability and lack of ‘analytical abilities and judgment'. As a result, legal and regulatory limits have recently been placed on Internet advertising directed at children. The Federal Trade Commission Act prohibits any misrepresentation of products that are advertised to children as they can be easily misled. Furthermore, according to the Communications Decency Act, it is a crime to use indecent or offensive language on a website that may be viewed by children.


The article also gives readers insight to the various methods that are employed by advertisers on their website that may concern parents. These include creating kid's club- where children must enter their details before they can enter, the use of unsuitable language, content or terminologies, information disguise- where the website lures children into filling out forms in turn for free gifts, and finally, one-on-one marketing practices. Recommendations are then made to parents and advertisers to help them overcome the problem of explicit exposure. It is suggested that parents regularly monitor their child's Internet usage, teach their children to make judgements on websites or use software than enables them to block access to various websites. The advertiser's responsibility to act ethically is reinforced and they are reminded that children of all ages are vulnerable to all sorts of online advertisements.


Critique


Although the article is very informative and thorough, it possesses the same problem that many other articles have, which is the emphasis on only the American culture in its research and references. The whole article only refers to the behaviour of American children and fails to recognise that the internet is a global communication tool, therefore the company's website is also targeted at many other countries whose culture is vastly different to America's. Due to this culture clash, it is hard to find a suitable level of action towards the online advertising approach, as the level of acceptability in each country is different.


Due to its emphasis on America, all the rules, regulations and law mentioned only apply in America. Also, many of these laws and regulations were established five years ago which may seem sufficient, yet the government and committees must remember that the internet is constantly growing and changing, and loop holes are always being discovered which allow advertisers to bend the rules and deceive children through its online advertisements, without breaking the law.


Finally, many regulated issues are subject to change from country-to-country, and also person-to-person. For example, there might not be an agreeable standard for offensive speech, language, content or the use of ‘freebies' or other incentives. Some parents may find them innocent and harmless, while others may perceive them as misleading and deceptive. There were also unspecified details that were important to differentiate, mainly, between what ages did the children have to be in order to be classified ‘children'. Also, the article recommends parents to monitor their children, yet to what extent do parents have to supervise their child's internet usage in order for it safe for their children to surf the internet, especially considering the fact that the internet is seemingly endless and close to impossible to regulate.


.0 PART C SUMMARY & CRITIQUE


Research Articles


1. Children in the Digital Age


. Hey, kids! Let's play adver-games!


. Seeking separation Are kids protected from the intrusion of advertising on the Internet?


4. Junior's got mail- From a pitchman


5. Pied piper effect


6. For Kids On the Web, It's An Ad, Ad, Ad, Ad World.


7. Children and advertising on the Internet - Summary


8. Online Advertisers Targeting Parents to Reach Kids'


. Doing it for the kids Online branding


10. Targeting Children Online Internet advertising ethics issues


.1 CHILDREN AS THE CONSUMER


A major issue raised in articles 1 and is the idea of the importance of children as consumers. The articles identify that children are important due to the power of their influence in the family decision making process. This trend is evident through the comment made by Reyes when describing the child consumer market in the United States in 000,


"Some 41 million individuals age 5-14 live in the U.S., according to the 000 Census, versus 17 million in 10. Though small in stature, their buying power is huge more than $100 billion spent annually across all categories, with about $10 billion on food and beverages alone. As the number of single-parent households and working moms has risen, so too has the influence of children, contributing to some $500 billion in household purchases" (00 p.1).


It is now also being realised that children are important as consumers for other reasons. Two main reasons include the growing size of the adolescent market and also the idea that adult consumer behaviour is a direct result of child consumer behaviour (Berey, L. & Pollay, R. 168). This belief provides a motive as to why children have been and continue to be targeted in advertising. It also suggests why advertisers are changing their techniques and practices to further reach this evolving market segment. This is reflected again, in article 1 where it is seen that internet advertisers are adapting "immersive advertising techniques" to appeal to the child consumer who does not respond to traditional approaches such as banners and pop up advertising.


. THE AGE CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDREN


All articles discussed refer to how "children" are affected by Internet advertising. There is however, inconsistency in terms of the age bracket in which children are defined. Article 1 defines children as 14 yrs old, while article, 6 14 yrs old and article 5 under 1 yrs old. This point should be taken into consideration as different aged children may be at different levels of psychological development and react differently to the advertising techniques used.


. THE EFFECT OF CULTURE


Nearly all the articles analysed discuss the effect of Internet advertising in a Western context, focused on the market in the United States. Article 5 provides an analysis of children in Australia, this is however again limited to the western culture. A possible area of research could be into how different cultures react to Internet advertising and provide a comparison of results. Such an example of a cultural comparison can be seen in the article by Duff, reflecting a demographic comparison of results in terms of children's privacy on the Internet in the United States,


"According to a new report by ePrivacy & Security, 75% of children are willing to share personal information about themselves and their family on line in exchange for goods and services. The report also reveals that, demographically, the highest percentage of users concerned with on-line privacy is AfricanAmerican. Conversely, Net users with the lowest percentage of concern are younger Americans and veteran Net users" (Duff, M 001 p. 8)


This idea is further strengthened when considering the Internet as a global communications medium, "the Internet has made borders disappear and time has become irrelevant" (Marken G, 00 p. 8).


.4 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES


The international context in which the Internet is set also limits the ability for guidelines and legislation created to be enforced. This idea is highlighted in articles and 4 which outline guidelines created in an attempt to protect the rights of children on the Internet. Both articles outline guidelines created in the United States. The question is then raised as to how to enforce such guidelines, particularly when the creators of the advertisements are established in different countries. Are these bodies then exempt from such legislation?


.5 OTHER THAN WEBSITES AND EMAIL


Internet advertising consists of not only website advertising but also chatrooms, news groups and personal website emails. All articles except for 7 focus on the websites and email campaigns. Article 7 states as this form of the Internet will be expected to grow with more children having their own web addresses, advertising volumes will also grow. Children are particular vulnerable and naive in chatrooms with the lack of monitoring and can only rely on the individual website's regulator and not industry regulation.


.6 DIFFERENTIATING ADVERTISING FROM CONTENT


Previous research indicates that the age of the child and the type of advertisement are decisive for a child's understanding of advertising. Children understand the point of advertising when they are 8 or years old, but even 14 to 16 year olds may have problems identifying and recognising ‘covert' kinds of television advertising that deviate from the TV commercial's traditional characteristics.


With traditional media, advertisements are clearly differentiated such as with television, advertisements run groups of allotted breaks. The same can be said for print and radio where the advertisement is clearly differentiated from the editorial content. Any print advertisement that looks remotely like editorial must have the word ‘advertisement' or ‘special promotion' above the copy.


The internet ‘adver-games' (article ) or use of familiar characters such as cartoon characters (article 4) can blur the distinction between advertising and content thus making it difficult for children to determine the difference.


.7 RESPONSIBILITY


Traditional media's have standards and follow the advertising code of ethics. If an advertisement was not suitable for children and ran, complaints can be forwarded to the advertising standards board which can have the advertisement removed. With Internet advertising, it is not determined who should be responsible for ethically advertising towards children.


With the Internet, as article and suggests that parents should claim some responsibility to place pressure on advertisers whereas article 1 and 4 suggests that the Government should have stricter rules and regulations. Article 5 and suggests it should the role of the advertiser. Only article 10 suggests the Government, advertiser and parents to be responsible.


.8 EFFECTIVENESS


Article, , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 all suggest that advertising to kids on the Internet is an effective medium. Articles mentions concerns that the vulnerability of children is much higher than adults and are more likely to respond to the advertisement.


. FURTHER AREAS OF STUDY


Why does the Internet allow for advertisers to cross the content line. Is it because there is no control and they can or because they are more desperate for advertiser dollars?


Any traditional media that blurs the line between content and advertising instantly lose credibility and will receive outrages from parents. But why does the Internet seem to be more accepting of advertising crossover with children?


Are children more internet savvy than parents?


What differences are there with children in different social classes? Or is Internet aimed for children only a particular social class?


What are the long term effects on children being exposed to higher levels of advertising and commercialism from such an early age?


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