Critical Issues in Human Resource Management

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Issues Critical to Human Resources Management

Globalization is the exhortation in business today. Not only is it a catchphrase, but for many businesses it is the essential key to achievement. One of the major shifts for human resources ("HR") professionals is how to train employees around the world in a range of industries and in a mixture of cultures on how to do function globally in business. This test speaks to the need for HR professionals to either raise the bar to meet the globalization paradigm or accept the threat of virtual collapse in the face of the surplus of entities that desire to do business on a global scale. In the following summary, the issues critical to HR management concerning globalization is assessed.

The idea of globalization strikes up much debate today. There are fervent backers for both sides. While there are some who want to bridge the gap between nations and people, there are still others who want to promote independence and separation from the rest of the world. "Among the positive effects of globalization is a focus on improving communication among employees from diverse backgrounds and countries. There is a growing recognition that a positive relationship exists between cross-cultural communications and effective team work and productivity" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.). Improving communication means understanding and appreciating various cultural differences and respecting the same. "Training and development can play an important role in sustaining that relationship" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.). But in the course of training and development who is accountable to whom?

"Much of the rising interest in [human resource management] HRM accountability can be attributed to the Government Performance and Results Act of 1 ("GPRA"), with its emphasis on demonstrating contributions to organizational results through strategic planning and performance measures" (Gallo & Thompson. 000. p.). Due in part to the dissolution of middle management in the 180s and 10s, the need for accountability to shareholders and government began to manifest long before the foundation of the GPRA. The Act was designed to address how HR authority would be transferred down to line managers in the face of downsizing and "as part of the bargain, the envisioned transfer of HRM authority would also clearly require a degree of managerial accountability greater than that required before the reinvention era…" (Gallo & Thompson. 000. p.).

Regardless of the efforts involved with respect to GPRA mandated accountability measures, according to Gallo and Thompson, this design is merely "patchwork". "In sum, this was not a situation conducive to success, at least not in the short term" (Gallo & Thompson. 000. p.). So what does the GPRA have to do with globalization and the changing role of HR? As stated, the GPRA calls for HR professionals to be degreed professionals. Ideally, having educated professionals equipped with a "common, officially sanctioned set of assumptions and guidance (the GPRA) for reference as they develop their own accountability systems" they will be able to figure out what they need to do and how to intelligently face the multiple challenges of going global (Gallo & Thompson. 000. p.4).

How are HR professionals acclimating to train for global leadership? "If companies are to survive in today's radically different market, they need a creative, strategic, forward-thinking human resources team to handle traditional personnel materials and help guide the company to achieve its underlying business goals" (McDonald. 001. p.1). Intelligent HR professionals recognize that unlike most American citizens, most Europeans have lived, gone to school and worked in countries other than in the country in which they were born. Despite their success, many American business vanguards do not possess international work experience nor are they fluent in other languages. HR professionals understand that this limitation must be addressed in order for American business moguls to remain successful in a market which is going global. Today, HR professionals must address the need to enhance "cross-cultural skills that are effective across borders" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.). Global training materials should focus on an international arena and the "development of global leadership capabilities" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.1-).

Today, HR professionals must evolve to recognize the need to enhance "cross-cultural skills that are effective across borders" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.). Global training materials should focus on an international arena and the "development of global leadership capabilities" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.1-). The world market is like a giant chess board where all the pieces are placed by master minds of strategic thinking. In this global game, there are virtually millions of players vying for success with failure being their very real opponent. "Many global leaders find that they are constantly reevaluating their companies' strategic positions along a pendulum that swings from a regional focus to a global one, as dictated by business need" (Bierema, Bing & Carter. 00. p.).

American commerce has been severely tested following the /11 terrorist attack on this country. This nation was all but derailed from its economic path. Many entities have cut back by doing away with two vital agendas which are essential to their continued existence advertising and training. "But those are exactly the two things you need advertising to let people know you are still there, and training to hold onto our people and update their skills" (Taylor. 00. p.1). The truth is with globalization we don't have to shine searchlights and fly banners to advertise for our goods and services. People in Istanbul do business electronically with people in Italy and Illinois without a second thought about their nearness. Globalization expands our capability to enterprise to the world. E-training affords the opportunity to expand the search for talented individuals beyond our borders.

Globalization and e-training. These are two of the future trends which eliminate the need for people to be in one specific place at any given time. Business can be handled successfully and timely anywhere on the planet, and perhaps one day, beyond this big blue marble. Space travel has proven that it is not necessary to work eight straight hours a day at a desk in a metropolis, but rather exploration is being managed light years from our planet by Americans, Russians and others. These individuals are not together in one room at one given time but instead share a common interest, mission and information network accessible by those necessary to complete a mission. Missions of successful business are being strategized this very moment in virtual meeting places by electronic media across the globe. The changing role of HR professionals is that they recognize that globalization and e-training are not only a future trend, they are now.

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Allen Bloom, Books

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In Allen Bloom's chapter, Books, three questions are repeatedly asked to university students what books really count for them, who their heroes are, and what they think is evil. The repeated answers to these questions draw an interesting picture of modern American culture; how petty cinema has replaced serious books for college students as their source for guidance and fulfillment, and how it has limited their vision to only what is now and in the present. Bloom also comments on how modern feminism has diminished the importance of the classical texts by the democratization of universities and colleges, which seeks to thwart the original content of literature in order to appeal to all. And since "all literature up to today has been sexist," feminism has filtered out or hidden the true meaning behind potentially enlightening literature (Bloom 65). The lack of reading, which is a vital part of education, has lead to our generation seeking our enlightenment and a sense of significance from the outside themselves rather than within.

When Bloom asks his students which books count for them, he seems to be very surprised at the silence. It seems that today, that many students cannot recognize the powerful meanings behind classic art and literature. Students simply cannot see the powerful meaning behind classic art and literature. And Bloom's main intention as an educator is to prepare his students to see, in which then they would be able to think for themselves and more importantly think about something important. Mankind has always strived for completion, and in many ways, artists and writers of the past have done an excellent job at doing so. However, students now feel they can seek that completion through new abstract ways, and are failing to grasp all the knowledge and experience their souls are seeking, even though the source is right at their fingertips. This lack of reading makes a students vision dull, and their ability to make keen observations is lost.

The problem with not reading books is that students are forced to seek enlightenment elsewhere, especially movies. Movies make for a very passive intellectual experience. Only one or two good points are maybe made throughout an entire movie, and although some movies are excellent works of art, for the most part it leaves behind no great impact on a person's life and no helpful clues as to what the true aspects of life are. Movies only give the viewer simple satisfaction, and is only mere entertainment. And what is worse, is the fact that most movies are only about the present, which tends to appeal to our petty and selfish desires. There's no doubt that cinema has warped the conscience of students, because we are too concerned with what is going on now and all around us. This makes us forget one of the most important things all people must understand; the past is a very important part of us, and to understand it makes for a more significant understanding of life.

Bloom links the lack of reading to the failure of a student's ability to write. He says that teachers tell him that it is almost impossible to teach students to write, simply because they can hardly get their students to read or let alone like it. Although a lack of seriousness in the teaching of literature to students in high school, there still must be a desire within a student to want to explore his own interests within books. However, this desire has seriously diminished in college students today.

According to Bloom, "the latest enemy of the vitality of classic texts is feminism," and the focus of classic works has been shifted to "the private, the intimate, the feelings, thoughts and relations of individuals (Bloom 65)." This distorts the fact that these classic stories contained an immense amount of political content, and takes away the original purpose and intent of the texts. Although when all the political and heroic aspects of classic literature are removed, there is love, it can still be educating and insightful towards relationships and feelings, for both men and women. So, it is seems that by shifting the literary focus, feminism has destroyed the true significance of these great stories, and in a sense was a redundant and worthless change. And because almost all literature up to today is sexist, many offensive authors have been excluded from college curriculum, or are distorted by feminist responses and prejudices. This makes a truly good piece of literature seem to only do injustice to the female race, and further solidifies their being misunderstood in the past. Therefore, the so called sexist stories that really contain insightful information about relationships are abandoned because students believe that they could not possibly contain anything relevant to what they feel is important and accepted today.

I agree with Bloom, because students today cannot appreciate what classic literature has to offer. Despite the fact that almost every student knows about Shakespeare's contribution to the world of love and romance, almost every student today looks to pop culture and other outside influences, which embrace shallowness, sex, and vanity as to how to behave and interact with the opposite sex. Education needs to be reformed, in order to fulfill the students' desire for completeness. And with the restoration and original focus put back on all aspects literature, without prejudice, students will perhaps learn to enjoy reading and live a more fulfilling life.

The second question Bloom asks his students is who their heroes are. And once again the class is silent, since most students today believe that they should be themselves, and that to take after anyone seems unfitting. This leaves students to fall victim to conforming to today's role models, which mainly include economically successful or famous people. And these so called role models are nowhere comparable to the heroes in classic literature, like Cyrus, Theseus, or Moses. So instead of being fascinated by these great heroes, students try to imitate the non-virtuous role models they see around them. People today are obsessed with their own image, and have a real idea of what the perfect body is supposed to look like. And more importantly, they pursue it so blindly, through such extreme measures as starvation or anorexia, all the way to steroids. However, students today are forgetting how important their inner self is, and what the image of a perfect soul is. So, without guidance from classic texts, students no longer wish to improve the way their own soul looks, and some cannot even imagine that people even have a soul.

Without books, people are empty. There is no other way to fill the voids in life, without exploring the minds of geniuses before us, through their books, and without knowing what virtue is. Today's generation hardly even understands what evil is, even though they could gain a great understanding of it through books. Students immediately think of Hitler as evil, which is "just another abstraction to fill up an empty category," and another indication that the lack of reading books has left students with a lack of vision and depth (Bloom 67). If students do not look inside books for the answers to all of life's questions, then their lives will never be complete, and the only place left to turn are meaningless movies.

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Max Weber – Explaining Rationalisation

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Max Weber was the man behind the theory of rationalization. Weber was born into a prosperous middle class family and studied jurisprudence at the Heidelberg institute in Germany. During his time at Heidelberg he was to become a member of the SDP, a role in which he was very much active through out his life.

Whilst at Heidelberg Weber would have debates over positivist economics and historical analysis, he would argue that there were no necessary patterns through out history, rather that the events and causes were unique.

He did acknowledge that there were regularities that could be explained by means of intellectual analysis and a moral understanding of these regularities which would involve distinct and separate modes of reasoning.

He noticed that due to the change in society (from organic to mechanic) that there was a decline in the myth, magic and to some extents religious values where as there was a rise in the use of rational calculation and secularism.

This change in ideas was seen as a result of independent variables which changed either to increase or decrease productivity. Thus Weber is credited with the qualitative approach. This led to the ‘Protestant ethic' whereby workers had to prove their worth through their work.

The organic to mechanic shift took place during the early 100's when the industrial age was gaining strength. With the industrial age came the development of Capitalism and Modernization which Weber argued led to the traditional and aristocratic values of religion and the Church breaking down.

With the development of Capitalism fairly strong in Northern Europe, Weber concluded that functions carried out in factories would need to be specialized, thus increasing the level of beauracratisation and the level of impersonality in everyday life.

Weber saw society divide in to the following

Propertied Upper Class Which owned the factories and during the organic phase owned most of the farmland

Propertyless White Collar Which he saw as being the people with scarce skills, for example lawyers, doctors etc

Petty Bourgeois Who were the shop keepers, market traders, etc

Manual Working Class Who were the farmhands and later during the mechanical phase were the factory workers, builders, etc.

This differed to Marx's vision of society, who saw society as

High Bourgeoisie Land owners, financiers, industry owners

Proletariat The revolutionary work force

Petty Bourgeoisie Shop keepers

Lumpenproletariat

Peasantry Worthless branded ‘sacks of potatoes'

Where as Marx saw the working class as coming together and becoming a class for itself, Weber did not see any polarisation; instead he saw an increase in the number of white collar workers (middle class) and also the increase in Bureaucratisation.

Weber's notion regarding the increase in the number of white collar workers can be noticed today, as there are more white collar workers today than at any point in history. This has also led to an increase in professionals such as doctors, lawyers, etc.

Weber noticed that the class divisions in society were based on property and that the status one held involved a certain degree of esteem or even social honour held by the individual. He also noticed that both these factors influenced the individual's ability to exercise power over others.

An example of this would be the Factory owner (Propertied Upper Class), who would tell the factory worker (Manual Working Class) when to work or even how to work.

In modern times, class no longer affects the way we are perceived by management and others around us. We are measured on our merits and strengths as individuals, especially when careers are concerned.

This lead to Weber noting that society would reject the idea of their human selves seeking escape from alienation and also society rejecting the possibility of rational choices between the values that had been previously instilled during the organic phase.

The trend to day tends to be more rational, as society today is conscious of issues and events occurring not only within itself, but also around it as well. Weber's theory on rational calculations is only mildly used in today's more educated society.

With this in mind rationalization leads to the more modern times where there is in most developed countries a beaurocracy which will deal with various matters in a rational, thought-out manner.

Rationalisation is still evident in later times, particularly in respect of government where Rationalisation of organizational forms takes place, for example, Bureaucracy where by systems are put into place to achieve and accomplish goals.

The ‘Protestant Ethic', as mentioned previously is seen by many, critics and academics alike, as being a ‘steel hard cage', whereby the worker would go to work and solely live to work for his/her natural life. This would be seen as the Working Classes sole purpose.

Weber was pessimistic in his approach, as is noted by the ‘Protestant Ethic', but he did acknowledge the counter trend Charisma which did of course mean the opposite of Rationalization, whereby the worker was working for himself and for satisfaction of the role he was doing.

As society changed some aspects of both the ‘Protestant Ethic' and Charisma are still visible. For example, the ‘Work Hard, Play Hard' ethic can still be seen in most large city-based organizations, in contrast job satisfaction now plays a major part with employers asking their employees; ‘Are you happy with your job?'

Rationalisation also noted that class, status and power also had an impact on the way that a person was viewed by society. This was also true in as much as the way you could influence members of society.

In today's modern society, wealth and status now seem less likely to have an impact on society. Today, academic achievements as well as personal acheivments are more likely to influence members of society.

Weber's arguments of Protestantism and Capitalism lead to ideas and eventual social change. With Rationalisation came complexity, which some critics argue that lead to the systems that are in place in society being so complex.

Weber believed that complex systems were the way forward, with systems of rational thinking believed to solve the issue of class conflict, but as time passed there have been other philosophers with theories that counter Weber's pessimistic theory of Rationalistaion such as

Marxism Theory of class conflict

Durkheim Theory of organic solidarity

Neo-Weberian (Goldthorpe) which again continues to focus on the middle classes and also takes into account the service class and intermediate class.

In conclusion, Weber's theory on Rationalisation can be seen as the fore runner to some aspects of today's society, most notably the bureaucracy aspect. An example of this is the Government ant the numerous bureaucrats it has hired in Whitehall.

This theory will long be debated, but it's affect on some aspects of today's modern society cannot be denied.

Please note that this sample paper on Max Weber – Explaining Rationalisation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Max Weber – Explaining Rationalisation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Max Weber – Explaining Rationalisation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Time Machine (Analysis)

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The Time Machine by H.G. Wells is considered a "classic" in today's literary community. I also believe that this novel is a good book. It was an interesting story the first time I studied it, and I have found new ideas each time I have read it since. It is amazing that such a simple narrative could have so many complex ideas. Unfortunately, some do not take the same position that I do. They cast it off as a silly little novel that deserves no merit. Obviously I disagree with these critics. The Time Machine follows the criteria that I believe a good novel should have. A good novel should include an element of fantasy and should stimulate ideas in the audience that they never came to realize before. The aspect of good versus evil should also be incorporated into a novel, mainly to capture the reader's attention. If readers find themselves rooting for a particular character or set of characters against another, they become involved in the novel. The characters should also be realistic so the audience can relate to them. The Time Machine follows these criteria with few exceptions. Why should this novel be looked at now, 100 years after it was written? The Time Machine is a science fiction novel that has a much different view of the future than the view that is commonly held today. Modern society foresees the future as a technologically advanced society that would make our present society look primitive. Many movies today portray this view of the future. Wells's view of the future is the antithesis to the one that is held today. The regression of society is rarely discussed as the future. The idea that human beings have reached their progressive and evolutionary peak could be an actuality. The Time Machine could be a possibility for the future despite the universal belief that humans still have a long way to progress. Neither technology nor peacefulness exists in the future that The Time Machine portrays. Wells apparently has a grim outlook for what society will evolve to in the future. Wells introduces a meta-utopia or a dystopian future, which is, to say the least, a radically unique idea. A meta-utopian society is one that regresses instead of progresses. The protagonist of the book, the Time Traveller, builds a time machine and travels to the year 80,701. The landscape that he relates to the reader is a heap of granite, bound together by masses of aluminum, which were obviously old buildings that had been demolished. The Time Traveller encounters two races of regressed human beings the Eloi and the Morlocks. The Eloi are frail creatures, no taller than four feet. They pass their time frolicking in the fields. They do not seem to be interested in the continuous pursuit of intellectual advance or technological progress which would assuredly make their lives much easier. Unlike the Eloi, the Morlocks are subterranean creatures. They are carnivorous, cannot tolerate the daylight and they feed upon the helpless Eloi at night, whom they breed like cattle. These two races seem to be manifestations of human characteristics that would only be harmful. The Eloi represent those who live off of human emotion and activity, and are plagued by premature decrepitness and degeneration. They survive off the hard work of others. The Morlocks represent an industrialized society in a negative fashion. They are slovenly, unaesthetic and lack a sense of beauty needed to appreciate life. Wells's believes that these traits would lead to a degeneration of society. While these concepts are new and different to those who read Wells's novel, the main idea that revolutionized science fiction was the introduction of the time machine. The time machine has become a staple in the science fiction genre. Many movies incorporate the idea of a vehicle that can move the characters years ahead or behind the present. The time machine is integral to the fantasy aspect of the story. A fantasy is fiction made up on highly imaginative or fanciful character and premise. Many would jump at the opportunity to travel to anyplace in time. Knowing what's going to happen in the future and being able to change it is a fantastic idea for a story. The Eloi and Morlocks are the fanciful characters that would be prevalent in a fantasy. They are unrealistic, but on must remember that they are Wells's portrayal of humans in the future. This could be disturbing to some, but this fantastic premise is Wells's view. The Time Machine's main appeal is, ‘What does the future hold for us?' Wells attempts to answer this question in a way that has never been discussed. This is a topic that has many possibilities and interests a large part of the literary community. The element of good versus evil is also present in Wells's novel. This concept is basic human nature. This struggle is an ongoing theme that has lasted throughout time. In The Time Machine, the Eloi are considered good while the Morlocks are obviously bad. The Morlocks attempt to prey on the Eloi which keeps both sides in dissension. This conflict in good versus evil can be seen in almost any form of entertainment from books to movies to sports. In books and movies the good and bad sides must be established for the audience to choose a side with which to root for. Any sports fan can also relate to this idea. A fan's favorite team is always the "good guys," while the opponent is the "bad guy." A Giants fan always takes pleasure in seeing the Cowboys lose. The defeat of the bad side is almost as good as victory for the good. The conflict of good versus evil is one that the audience identifies with. The audience readily takes the Eloi's side and roots for them against the Morlocks. This conflicts keeps the audience interested to see which side outlasts the other. Realistic characters the audience can relate to are sometimes necessary for a novel to interest an audience. The Time Machine obviously has its fair share of unrealistic characters (Morlocks and Eloi) that could detract from the realism of the novel. The one character that is realistic is the Time Traveller. He is an integral character the audience identifies with. He is not portrayed as a crazy scientist performing a maniacal experiment. Readers can see themselves as the Time Traveller. He is a normal guy that happens to travel through time. Without the realism of the Time Traveller Wells loses the audience. The Time Machine still holds the same appeal today as it did 100 years ago. The essential elements for a successful novel are incorporated into Wells's greatest work. He is able to keep the audience interested and has set the precedent for the science fiction genre. The use of a time machine has been used in movies and other novels throughout the years. The idea that one can travel through time is a concept that appeals to many and to our memories of the past. As children, we would pretend we were some sort of hero that would have great adventures. The Time Machine's premise is similar to these childhood fantasies. The Time Machine remains popular because of its introduction of new ideas of the future, and the fantasy that it portrays brings the reader to a world quite different than our own.

Please note that this sample paper on The Time Machine (Analysis) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Time Machine (Analysis), we are here to assist you. Your paper on The Time Machine (Analysis) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Domestic violence

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Domestic Violence and how it is seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women Leighton Thorning Human Ecology 070 Mrs. Blaylock October 18, 001 " Domestic Violence and how it is seen as a Precursor to Homelessness in Women" "As soon as we moved into this house, you think you can have your way… You are my wife and I tell you what you can do and what you can't do." This kind of statement is typical of what a battered woman knows to be the only truth in her household. Domestic violence is greatly on the rise and is one of the leading causes of homelessness among women in today's society. Rather than approach domestic violence as a direct "cause" of homelessness, one might hope to understand how such violence could help create the circumstances that might particularly make a woman more susceptible to homelessness. Domestic violence and poverty may intersect with other issues to produce the circumstances that often leave women no other choice but to seek temporary shelter for the short-term, and therefore remain precariously housed. Homelessness is defined as a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence, and has a primary night time residence that is A) Supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations. B) An institution that provides temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized C) A public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. (Stewart B. McKinney Act, 4 U.S.C.; 1101, et seq. (14). According to the McKinney Act (14), this definition usually includes those people who face imminent eviction form their current form of shelter. Domestic violence, or battering, is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The batterer uses acts of violence and a series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, and isolation to coerce and control the other person. (Somers, 1). When most women are in a dangerous situation where domestic violence of some sort is occurring, they are being victimized. The impact of divorce, battering, and other family disruptions in combination with economic insecurity and primary responsibility for their children lead many women towards homelessness. It is believed that half of all homeless women have been a victim of some form of domestic violence, based on self-reporting and observations of various programs staffers. (National Research Council, 16). However, the numbers of homeless domestic violence victims may be underestimated because some victims are reluctant to self-report. Homeless women seldom view their abuse as their primary problem and may not reveal that they are victims. In some cases, if a woman reports that she is a victim of domestic violence, a homeless shelter may refuse to accept her for security reasons. Most shelters do not offer services to women unless they conform to the criteria that distinctly makes them part of the particular group the shelter program targets. Programs can be specifically geared towards battered, homeless women and have been a great success in dealing with the emotions of the situation. Much of the writing and public discuss on domestic violence suggests that a woman who escapes a violent relationship is almost always in serious physical danger, and therefore needs a shelter of some sort to escape from a mate who will eventually harm her again repeatedly. An interesting article titled " Homeless women blame domestic violence" in a United Kingdom newspaper gave some chilling facts about domestic abuse and its repercussions. - A report by the charity Crisis found that 6% of homeless women aged between 0 and 4 in the United Kingdom said that domestic violence was the key reason they had lost their homes. - A survey done by Crisis found that the older in age British women became, the least likely they were to know where to go for help once they became homeless. - In the early 0's, women used to make up only 10% of homeless community, and in 1 they now made up for 7% of the same homeless community. Many women who are being victimized are being left with no choice. Many believe that homelessness is something that happens to other people before it happens to them. Many avoid the night shelters because they are deemed dirty, violent and unsafe. A large portion of homeless women end up staying too long in hostels, which some said that hostel life was making them ill. Many of the victimized women stated a want to go back to work, but felt is was not worth their while giving up housing benefit when cost of hostel, shelter and hotel accommodation was so high. And because of the extensive resources a woman who leaves a violent relationship needs in order to support herself and her children, the only choice that most are making is to stay in that deep hole of poverty and homelessness or the violent relationship of abuse. However, with the pattern of persistent poverty and battering, homeless shelters are likely to focus on women's housing and employment needs, while battered women's shelters concentrate on the psychological ramification of violence. The organization of homeless and domestic violence shelters, however, demands that a woman defines themselves in one way or another in order to receive services. Because battered women's shelters define their service as "crisis" housing, most initially accept women for no more than thirty days so women cannot depend on always depend upon even ninety days of shelter. The women shelters present few choices to available to women who are in need. It demands a significant amount of money to avail oneself of other options, such as staying in a hotel, renting an apartment alone, or moving to another city. Women in both kinds of shelters express their desires to receive respectful, individualized treatment from a staff who will respond to their experiences with domestic abuse and their housing and employment needs. Still, when their ability to gain entrance into a shelter depends on their conformity to certain identities "battered women" or "homeless women", many women have been known to self consciously manipulate their histories in order to fit into these socially constructed categories of need. The main purpose of defining the patterns of violence that homeless women know all to be too true was to provide a better understanding of the women's experience. The relationship between homelessness and abuse is more profound for women. Many women report that domestic violence is the primary cause of their homelessness. Though much attention has been paid to the " feminization of poverty", it seems to be that there has been less emphasis on the significance of poverty for increasing the likelihood that women will become homeless. Female single parent families rose form .7 % of all families in poverty in 160 to 5.6 % of all families in poverty in the mid 10's. (Hagen, 14). As a result of historical growth in women's poverty and female headed family homelessness, it has been increasingly important for research to focus on the unique sets of issues and problems that women's homelessness presents. References 1.) Somers, Amy. Domestic Violence Survivors, Homelessness A National Perspective. 1. .) National Research Council. Understanding Violence Against Women, Washington, DC National Academy of Press. 16. .) Alexander, J. (1, May 0). Homeless women blame domestic violence. BBC News, pp. C. 4.) Hagen, J. (16). Gender and Homelessness. Social Work (July/August). 1-16. Bibliography attached to end of paper Word Count 145

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Anne SextonA Life of Drama, Joy, and Poetry

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Anne Sexton was an excellent poet; she was both inspirational and brutally honest. Sexton's poems present a true sense of the world, not the sugar- coated version usually heard. She touched on subjects that were considered to be taboo in her era; everything from incest to masturbation. Sexton was born in 18. She grew up in a conventional middle- class family, in Massachusetts. Sexton married in her teens and worked as a fashion model. She had her first child at the age of twenty five, and it wasn't until after her second child two years later she began to write. All the while, she had huge fights with her mother and dealt with the guilt of being a mother herself. Sexton had a love/hate relationship with her mother. She resented her mother for so many things and constantly felt like a disappointment to her. Sexton's early experiences with guilt and unhealthy relationships eventually turn around with her discovery of poetry, but her writing only prolonged her eventual suicide.

(George 08)

Sexton's life was filled with extremely difficult experiences. Anne Sexton was an extraordinary woman. At the age of only seventeen Anne Sexton became a wife, a beginning writer, and a model. Sexton grew up in an extremely strict home. Her parents were high class and their children were expected to act as such. From the beginning Sexton's parents knew she was going to be different, and in their mind different was not acceptable. Sexton was forced into marriage. She needed to be free, from the pressures of "high society," and free of high expectations. Quite a few years after she married, they had their first child, Joyce. Sexton saw Joyce more as a burden than a blessing. She already had so much going on with her family issues and she was not established in a career yet. She was not ready for motherhood, not because she was young, she was 4, but she was inexperienced and had bad examples to follow. Never the less, she overcame it and so began her journey into motherhood. Joyce eventually became her joy. She learned how to be a mother. Sexton was not the best of mothers; she struggled daily to balance her daughter, her husband, her job, her dysfunctional family, and her love of writing. Ultimately, her writing took priority and just after Sexton began to learn to be a good mother, she found out she was pregnant. Sexton felt nothing but guilt and total agony over her second child; she did not feel worthy enough to be a mother with one child, let alone two. She felt as if God was punishing her for her disobedience to her parents. The birth of her second child left her with nothing but feelings of guilt and unworthiness. (George 7)

Sexton's poetry helped play a significant role in her life. Her upbringing did nothing but hinder her ability to be herself; her writing helped to sort of "undo" that. Growing up Sexton's father always told her, "Discipline is the key to success." (Hall 176) One would assume that with this being the family policy that is what attributed to her success as a writer; it was quite opposite. Sexton grew up resenting her family, her upbringing, and being of a prominent family; she was far from disciplined. It was her writing that disciplined her. An aspiring poet once wrote Sexton asking her how she does it; here was her answer, "the discipline the reworking the forging into being is the stuff of poetry."(Middlebrook 14) Sexton firmly came to believe that her poetry disciplined her. It taught her to take the time to work and revise and work and revise and work and revise some more. She learned that through discipline she could do and be anything she aspired. Sexton's poetry was more than that though, it was also her confessional. All the bitter hatred she had toward mother hood, toward her father, toward her like as a whole was expressed in her writing. Everything she thought may be taboo, everything she liked and did not like, everything she every thought and never said, she wrote about. Her poetry was her true confessional. In Sexton's poem, To Bedlam and Part Way Back, illustrates this " I didn't want a girl, only a boy, already loved, already in the house/ I who was never quite sure about being a girl/ And now you, this was my worst guilt." (George 11) Clearly she was guilty from childhood and has carried that guilt into mother hood. Everyone needs someone to turn to, someone to confide in, Sexton lacked this person so she substituted the person with her writings. Eventually her poems were more than just her confessional; they were seen to be her salvation. At the end of a long hard day se knew she could go to her writings, she knew they would not judge her or take her for granted. Sexton understood the meaning of "me time," you know the time everyone needs to themselves. She learned that without this time she would explode and say thing to her children, as well as her husband, she did not really mean.

(Middlebrook 48)

Ultimately her poetry could not save her and Sexton was lead to suicide. Throughout her life she had battled the desires to take her life, and eventually she could not fight them anymore. She had dealt with her children for as long as she could. She had listened to the negative comments and criticisms from her mother for as long as she could. She had done everything for everyone else for as long as she could before she exploded. Sexton felt as if she had no other options. She could not take the pressures of life anymore. She was quoted in her memoir's to have said, "I realize life's frailty and shortness and am not giving it the option to take mine." (George 0) Sexton was aware of her loneliness and life's frailty and shortness; ultimately the pain of life's brevity pushed her over the edge. Suicide was an issue of control for her. She felt as if she had never had any control in her life. Everyone had always made decisions for her and this was one decision she would make for herself. Anne Sexton died October 4th, 174 of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Very few writers can take a story, a fairytale for example, and make it reality. Very few writers can be both honest and extremely inspirational, and very few writers have been as good as Anne Sexton. She lived the life that any writer would dream to have, but it just became to much. Sexton could not deal with her mother and family problems. She could not deal with motherhood and let go of her guilt, but worst than that not anything could have saved her, not even her poetry. Anne Sexton had dealt with so many family issues, so much guilt, that although she found comfort in her writing ultimately it wasn't enough. "Death motions to us wordlessly. Powerfully in the voice she was given, Sexton motioned back, each word a gift to the living." (George 15)

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Conflict Resolution

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Location

One key conflict our team has recently experienced is finding a suitable meeting location. As a team, we have found several challenges involving this conflict, including the actual location itself, fairness of location, and transportation issues. Most of our team members live in the Orange county area. However, one team member lives in Irvine. We had initially agreed to meet in Orange, since it seemed most convenient for the majority of the team members to meet there. Upon discussing this issue further, we learned that our meeting location might not be fair or convenient for all of our team members. Additionally, one of our team members is pregnant and cannot drive far distances. Other challenges in deciding upon a meeting location included the amount of time it would take to get to a mutually agreeable location and the lack of or unreliability of some team members modes of transportation. To find a location that would take about the same amount of time for each team member to reach it was very tricky. Furthermore, one team member has an unreliable vehicle and finding a location close was also important.

Our team has discussed in depth possible resolution to our meeting location conflict. It was decided that meeting in the University of Phoenix study group rooms would be a possible solution. Essentially, the team believes that, by meeting at Pepperdine university, each team member will be traveling approximately the same distance from his or her place of residence. In addition, all team members are familiar with the location and know how to get there without risk of getting lost in an unfamiliar community. Because the University of Phoenix is relatively close for all team members, each member will be traveling about the same amount of time to this location and we feel, as a team, that this is the most fair and mutually contingent solution to this conflict.

Adaptation

Another key conflict our team is experiencing is the ability to adapt to each team member's personality and to be able to communicate more effectively as a group. We felt we had many communication barriers to overcome, such as the one listed in our Tools for Teams textbook "Lack of communication, misunderstanding in terminology, unwillingness to listen to another person, etc." As a team, we felt some members communicated less or had challenges in expressing assignment items in a focused and to-the-point manner. This lack of communication is a challenge we all needed to actively improve. Some team members may also find the terminology involved in some of the assignments confusing or may not know the meaning. It is important for team members who are having difficulties with the class terminology to speak up and voice their conflict, so that team members go have a grasp on the terminology can assist them in better understanding. Furthermore, as a team, we needed to adapt to each other's personalities in order to better communicate. A critical skill all team members needed to improve was listening. Active listening means listening to what a person is saying with the whole self, not deciding what to say next, or interrupting. Associated with good listening is the skill of being able to thoroughly pay attention and value what the other person is saying. As a team, we also needed to adjust to the different personalities of each person and accept that they may have a different point of view. Hands down, we needed most importantly to respect each team member as an individual in order to communicate with him or her effectively.

In order to find a solution to this conflict, we all needed to be a little more open-minded. As a team, we also found that we needed to find common interests in order to "help individuals redefine dimensions of conflict and perhaps bring about a compromise". We accomplished this by taking some time to get to know each other better. Additionally, we found it crucial to find agreement between team members. To do so, we needed to learn how to communicate more effectively. By becoming active listeners and paying attention to each individual, we were able to collect the information we needed and to make agreements, as a team, as to what worked and what didn't. Also, we found that if someone did not seem to be in agreement, that we could collaborate together, come up with a common solution and reinforce that this was the best resolution. To make sure that each team member was able to get the most out of the assignment objectives, we have decided to summarize each objective, so that even if there was a break in communication, each team member leaves the meeting with understanding. Additionally, we have decided as a team to respect each individual and to value that they have their own personality and opinion.

Organization

The final key conflict that we are experiencing in our team structure is organization. We found that we must assign someone as the team coordinator. The responsibility of the team coordinator is to make sure that each team member is focusing on the assignment at hand. We also felt it was equally important to have a set of rules dictating the behavior of each team member and what each team member's responsibility within the group is. In doing so, we also needed to consider what each team members personal capabilities, such as strengths and weaknesses are, and what they can best achieve for the group. For example, one team member is strong in Microsoft PowerPoint, so we feel that this team member will have the best capacity at performing tasks that involve the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. Still another organizational challenge is that no one team member should feel that they are depended upon solely to complete the assignment objectives. The Tools for Teams textbooks describes this as, "If one person depends too heavily on another for information or assistance, conflict is more apt to occur". As a team, we needed to come together to form an organized team structure.

In order to find a resolution to our organizational conflict, we needed to consider many issues as a team. First of all, we needed to take the time to deal with each issue independently as a team. By dealing with each issue separately, it lessens confusion an opens communication among team members. To make sure that we stay focused on each individual issue, we assigned a team coordinator. We chose the team coordinator based on their ability to be open-minded. We also found it necessary to "agree to disagree". The team coordinator must maintain among team members that each of us is an individual with different opinions and that each team member must be treated with respect in order to lessen conflict and increase organization. Further, the team coordinator should actively encourage each team member to speak up if they are having challenges in understanding their specific responsibility within the team. Most importantly, every team member should be flexible to the other team members when they may have physical, external, or internal difficulties in attending the team meetings or completing the assignment objectives. For example, if a team member cannot make it to the team meeting because of a personal conflict, the team should try to understand the issue and work things out. In addition, it will be the team coordinator's responsibility to make sure that each team member understands their responsibilities, whether they were able to attend the meeting or not. We have found that as a team, assigning a team coordinator to increase organization within the team structure has proven beneficial to all team members.

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The joys of wasting space

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COVENTRY

Archeologists have uncovered major finds in Coventry City centre in recent times. What has been uncovered is the site of the Benedictine Cathedral and Priory of St Mary,

Originally founded in 104 AD, by Leofric Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva herself. The structure is vast. It measures some 45 feet long

1016 A nunnery dedicated to St Osburg was sacked by the Danes in 1016

104 The first sign of Godiva. Her husband, Leofric, Earl of Mercia, founded a Benedictine Monastery on the site of the sacked St Osburgs Nunnery.

1057 Leofric died

1067 Death of Godiva. nb there is much that surrounds Godiva that is not at all clear. Some say she lived to a great age. Other say that she was much younger than Leofric. These stories do not tie in at all with the dates for her and her husbands death.

1086 Domesday Book records 6 heads of families in Coventry. So it wasnt a very large place for Godiva to ride through then was it?

100-1100 Coventry castle built.

116 Coventry castle razed by King Stephen

1154 Henry II grants permission for an annual fair in Coventry

1066 The Norman Conquest of England

1068 William I (1066-1087) abolishes the earldom of Mercia after meeting no resistance in the area. Coventry placed under the Earls of Chester

1068 William I starts the (re-) building of Warwick Castle

1086 Coventry in the Domesday Book is little more than a village. Rugby is called Rocheberie

110 Kenilworth Castle started by Geoffrey de Clinton - the town begins to grow

11 The Austinian Priory founded in Kenilworth

11 William II (1087 -1100) creates the earldom of Warwickshire

11 First mention of the Chapel of St Michael, later formed part of Coventry Cathedral

1145 Coventry sides with Empress Matilda against King Stephen in a dynastic war. King Stephen (115 -1154) seizes Coventry Castle as a result

1150 Coombe Abbey started to be built on the edge of present day Coventry in the district of Smitham

117 Coventry sides with the Barons against Henry II (1154-118) in their revolt. Henry II cancels Coventrys privileges

1177 Henry II grants new privileges to Coventry

1180 Coventry Castle falls into serious disrepair and eventually into ruins, though traces of the castle remained until the 1500s

118 Further privileges granted to Coventry by Henry II

COVENTRY castle

Ask anybody in Coventry where the castle is and they are liable to give you a quizzical look. It is only relatively recently that the existence of a castle has been discovered or at least recognised.

Coventry castle was built in the 11th century by one Ranulf Meschines who was the earl of Chester. The castle was razed to the ground in the 1th Century and then rebuilt again.

After a lot of warring and fighting in the mid 1th Century the castle fell into disrepair. It has even been suggested that the crumbling hulk of the castle was used as a quarry for stone to built other town structures and the city wall.

Excavations by archeologists have found the defensive ditch to the castle. This is referred to as the Red Ditch. The castle ditch was up to 0 feet deep by a similar width.

Gosford Green and Far Gosford St

The road to Gosford Green - now far Gosford St - was a medieval route leading out of the city towards the East. As early as the 1th Century there were houses fronting the street.

Holy Trinity Church COVENTRY

Holy Trinity church - which together with St Michaels, and Christ Church spires makes up the three spires of the city of Coventry skyline - was built on the site of a former older church around the late part of the 1th or the early part of the 1th centuries. Note though that the North Porch contains stonework from the time of Leofric and Godiva which was possibly sourced from the earlier church.

When Holy Trinity was built (for the tenants of the Northern side of Coventry - The priory lands) the hill top on which is was built was dominated by the Benedictine friary that became the original ( first Cathedral ) of St Marys. St Michaels ( which became the second, and now ruined, cathedral) was built slightly later to serve the tenants of the Earls lands. This serves to explain why so many churches built so closely together.

Holy Trinity is the most original Medieval church in Coventry and, being some 7 metres (7 feet ) high to the top of the spire and 5 metres (14 feet) long, it is almost cathedral size.

The church has seen many changes in its life in fact It was nearly destroyed by fire in 157. So it has seen much redecoration over the years.

St George and COVENTRY

There is a tradition that the Patron Saint of England, Saint George, was borne in Coventry and was buried at nearby Caludon castle.

Early seals of the city show the elephant and castle on one side with a St George like figure on the other. The dragon slayer connection is also echoed by the use of the elephant itself. In medieval days, in the bestiary stories, the elephant had connections with dragon slaying also.

In their booklet on Far Gosford St (000) the City Council through their author state that...

Guy, Earl of Warwick, was sometimes said to have been one of St Georges three sons! Another old tradition claims that St George was born in Coventry - at Caludon Castle! ( He was actually born in Cappadocia in the third century)

It seems widely accepted that St George existed. That he lived in the rd Century and that he was probably martyred in Palestine. That seems to be about all that is known. What became Coventry may not have existed at that time throws doubt on the assumption that St George was from Coventry. As to him being the father of a medieval nobleman...

So much of History is myth and legend and cannot be proven. Perhaps a leap of faith is required.

St Michaels COVENTRY

In 1086 the city was granted to the Earls of Chester and Bishop de Lymesay became abbot of the priory. Under him the City became dived in two. The Priors Half and the Earls Half. At first the Priors half was more powerful and subsequently the church of Holy Trinity became the parish church for the Priors half. St Michaels was the parish church of the Earls half of the city and was used by his tenants These two churches are both in the Centre of the City not more than 50 yards apart and both sitting on the hilltop. This explains why there are two churches so close together. (The first Cathedral of St Marys was a monastery too and so did not survive the ravages of Henry VIIIs dissolution of the monasteries).

The overall is some 00 feet in height standing on a base of around 0 feet square. There is a stone staircase which you can use to climb to the top of the tower. A well worth while climb though breathtaking for reason of exercise too.

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In the end of 1990's people were spending on clothes but the average spending price per item decreased. Why?

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The 80's were dominated by juppies and endless consuming. Juppies were like grown up hippies with a professional view and approach to the world. They had money, endless buying power and sophisticated opinions. They were powerful and ambitious with liberal ideas they were products of a cultural shift in the society.

The economic capital was in its peek but what happened to the cultural capital? Mobility grew and people worked more in big cities. Women were working which left less people at home. Towns and villages lost some of their cultural capital since people who used to gather were now working and there was no time for leisure, friends and family. Businesses became more like communities and shopping became a medium of communication and expression. The economic capital was in its height. People were working longer hours and as one consequence, families were breaking up. Divorce rates sky rocketed. Cultural capital diminished. Trust on government faded, there was a general lack of faith. This urged people to shop and spend more.

The belief system weakened and they were no longer able to draw distinctions based on their cultural capital. Instead they consumed and started to believe in the brands which were offering them answers, making them feel a part of something and being important. Through the end of 80's and beginning 0's people were trying to buy status, sophistication. The more prestigious things you had, the more appreciated you would be socially. At least that was the belief. Juppies wanted to distinguish themselves from the others by consuming, trying to collect cultural capital with economic capital. This was the golden time for brands and branding. Brands offered you life answers in small packages, all purchasable with money. You were able to buy an image and as long as you believed it yourself, you were fine. Image was everything. Or was it?

In the beginning of the 0's this endless consumption started to slightly shift. Consumers started to feel empty because they realized that money doesn't buy everything. After achieving everything in the material world, it still doesn't guarantee happiness. At the same time, it was more difficult to distinguish yourself anymore because anyone could buy the brand. Therefore it was not special anymore. It was time to move on as cultural capital is vulnerable. (For example elite needs to move on as soon as normal folk are able to buy/act as they are. They are not special anymore. Also established people had the money. After everyone was able to get what they had, brands were not important anymore, they needed to move on. It did not bring status anymore.) Hence the shift towards experiences. People still consumed, but there had to be an experience behind it. From 80's image now there was a shift to brand experience. Brands started with flagship stores, cafes, hotels, restaurants etc. expanding what ever their product was, to a whole experience. This way giving the feeling that the consumption was not empty minded anymore, there was a thinking and logic behind it, an experience of the product.

Quality time became more important and owning many things didn't seem so important all of a sudden. People wanted to get more value for their time, to spend time with family, to feel important and understood. All this they wanted through meaningful experiences. However, to simply buy experiences also started to seem wrong and shallow. Realization that paying for self worth and appreciation do not accumulate cultural capital sank in, at the same time promoting compassion, humanity, kindness and gift-giving as acts of real contribution to a higher value of cultural and social capital. Also just plain experiences started to lose their worth.

Having exhausted themselves by consuming in the 80's and seeking endless experiences at the 0's, people started to again look for the bigger meaning. They had realized that a logo does not bring you happiness and status. A shop or restaurant experience does not make your life meaningful. Therefore, in the end of 0's the next logical step was to rethink the way they were buying. Value of time became more important. The message behind the brands started to raise questions. Non-profit organizations seemed to be a way to channel your money in a safe way since surely they must have had a good message. A trend from commercialism turned into non commercialism. Items with social values or messages started to be more important than logo's. The inside started to count more than outside. Before they were trying to buy self esteem and status. Now they might have still tried to buy it but in a more subtle way, bying their inner peace without flashing it out in their clothes. Investing in non profit companies and brands you knew that you were doing something good to the society/world and with that inner peace, the outside seemed more irrelevant. The cultural capital that was lost in the 80's, was now reinvented again.

Fashion really boomed as an industry in the 80's and 0's. For the first time there was money involved. Juppies saw this but by the end of 0's they had experienced that the economic capital (or even cultural capital) will never reach the level of paintings etc. At the same time the time period was the boom of the catwalks and in the beginning only available for elite. Later with mass production and copying and steeling designs, everything became available to everybody . It decreased the economical and cultural value. It wasn't possible to distinguish from each other anymore. From there the elite moved on luxury products like cashmere etc. which had the value that if you really knew the features of that fabric, you knew that it was expensive and luxury product but the brand flashing was not needed anymore. The trend also moved towards thinking more than showing. You could still be fashionable even if you didn't show it with brands. Maybe it was even more important to intellectuals, to understand it, to be part of the field, but not show it with brands anymore. The value was more inside than outside. Like the kings in France, when you have it all, there is no need to prove anything with clothes anymore.

Please note that this sample paper on In the end of 1990's people were spending on clothes but the average spending price per item decreased. Why? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In the end of 1990's people were spending on clothes but the average spending price per item decreased. Why?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on In the end of 1990's people were spending on clothes but the average spending price per item decreased. Why? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Aids In Africa

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Whenever I read an article about AIDS in Africa, I think about a friend that I met at the airport in Brasil. Kahuma was from Africa, and he was infected with HIV/AIDS virus. He told me in his letters that the virus developed so fast in his body because he was unable to see a doctor right away due to financial insufficiency. When he finally found out that he had AIDS, he had already lost 0 pounds and all of his hair. He was also unable to walk. At that point, he mentioned that he could not afford to pay for the medication that would prolong his life, and like others in the same financial situation, he died without the assistance necessary to treat the virus. Current evidence has shown that poverty has been identified as one of the major reasons for the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa.

A recent report by Desmond Cohen, the former director of the United Nations Development Programmers (HIV and Development Program) informs that of the 6 million persons, infected worldwide with HIV in 000, almost 70 percent, or 5. million are in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that of the 1.8 million persons who have died from HIV related illnesses since the start of the worldwide epidemic, 17 million were Africans (). In the case of Sub-Saharan Africa, the world Bank estimates that in 18, some 1 million people lived on less than US$1 a day, and that between 187 and 188, the percentage of the total Sub-Saharan African population living at this level, remained constant, which suggestes that poverty is a significant casual factor for infection poor people are more likely to become infected with HIV and the disease, in turn, intensifies their poverty (1). Cohen says that the characteristics of the poor are well known, as are some of the casual factors that contribute to a culture of poverty; children of the poor often become the poor of succeeding generations. Poverty is associated with weak endowment of human and financial resources, such as low levels of education, low litercay rates, few marketable skills, poor health status and consequently, low labor productivity. Poor households typically have few, if any, financial or other assests and are often politically and socially marginalized (). I think that Cohen as a researcher is well informed about the problems poverty produces. Many poor families in Africa, live in very bad conditions. Some of them dont have beds to sleep in, or sometimes they have to cut grass to make money for their needs. Most of the time, the children have no food or clothes; simple things like cups or pans are made of old food cans or coconut shells. Poor families have no access to TVs, telephones, microwaves, dishwashers, or other products used to make a home a better place. With the epidemic, many children, after their parents die, are left with their grandparents in homes without electricity or running water. Even though poverty did not generate the HIV virus, it facilitated the development of the disease.

One researcher that has several recent articles on HIV/AIDS and social context of Africa and Latin America is Eileen Stillwaggon. She has worked in Tanzania and Zimbabwe and is the author of Stunted Lives, Stagnant EconomiesPoverty, Disease and Underdevelopment. With all her expierences, she relates that poverty not only creates the biological conditions for greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, it also limits the options for treating disease. Infection with other STDs is an important co-factor for transmission of HIV. Genital ulcer diseases in particular, such as chancroid, provide an entry point for HIV. Such painful bacterial STDs are relatively uncommon in rich countries because of the availability of antibiotics (1). Stillwaggon, in her studies, concludes that reducing HIV transmission requires health education availability of condoms and also a broads assult on malnutrition, diarrheal diseases and parasitic diseases, including malaria and schistosomaiasis. To treat those already infected will require upgrading the health services infrastructure and expanding health education. The steps that are necessary for both prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS are the same as for addressing the other health and development needs for poor countries. ()

Stillwaggon believes that prevention does not replace treatment, but it does reduce the number of people whose lives will depend on expensive drugs with significant side effects. She says that the key to a good prevention program is understanding dynamics of disease transmission (1). I agree with Stillwaggon when she says that poverty contributes to a lot of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS. When members of a family get infected with the HIV virus, their lives change completly. If they are temporarily able to pay for their own medication and doctors visitation, sooner or later, everything will be taken away from them. At the beginning, they may lose their jobs, then they will lose all the money or any property they may have to the disease treatment. In countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, there is not much hope for those who cant pay for their own treatment. Once you get too sick, it is very bad to get your health back, because doing so would require a lot of doctors attention, a good diet rich in protein and carbohydrates, and all the medication necessary to fight the opportunistic infections. Without help, it is very hard to emerge from that situation. all the family members of the person infected with HIV will pay a high price. They will have to sacrafice anything important to them, so that they will be able to help the sick person. After that person dies, leaving the wife and children on their own, without hope, hungry and alone. Many times their mother turns to prostitution and the children become street children.

According to the reserachers information on poverty in Africa, it is making people more and more aware of the real problem and they are thinking about new ideas on how to help fight this disease that is draining South Africas economy. Programs such as manager care have been introduced in South Africa not only as a solution, but it does help to reduce health care expenditures. Because the people are aware of poverty becoming critical problem, the number of infected people should decrease. Today, the public is informed that the HIV/AIDS virus is more extensive in poor countries such as South Africa, due to the fact that the poor families infected with HIV/AIDS have no access to the drugs for treatment. Their hygiene conditions are very poor, and food is a constant problem, resulting in malnutrition.

I know that researchers have been spending a lot of time trying to discover new medications, vaccines and the cure for HIV/AIDS. I hope that this epedimic will bring the nations together in thoughts and desires to make this world a better place to live.

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Foreign Environments Affecting International Business

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Businesses in general experience a wealth of issues that impact their ability to conduct business and remain successful. This is even more so the case with international business. Forces external to the company can decide whether a business is successful or fails and in particular, financial and political forces have some of the greatest impacts on today's organizations. The intent of this paper is to discuss these forces and show specific examples of what many industries can experience when operating on a global scale.

Financial Forces

Typically businesses ride a financial rollercoaster when conducting business internationally. Currency has become one of the biggest financial hurdles to overcome when operating overseas. While this type of external force is considered uncontrollable, there are ways that businesses can mitigate negative financial hardship.

Fluctuating currency values can have both a positive and negative effect on organizations and it is crucial that financial managers plan for both. Establishing currency contracts with banks can help protect a corporation when the Yen value drops significantly and Asian business could be affected. It is important to be continually aware of exchange rates and have the ability to implement financial safety vehicles should a problem loom on the horizon.

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While a certain amount of risk is involved with fluctuating exchange rates, governments of the regions in which a company may operate have the potential to implement currency exchange controls which can have an equally devastating result. By restricting the use of a particular currency for international transactions, governments ultimately overvalue that currency compared to the open market, making it extraordinarily difficult to transact business economically.

Another financial force affecting businesses is a country's balance of payments (BOP). Should the country's BOP slide into deficit, this could be a result of inflation, causing that country's government to take action in several ways to overcome this BOP deficit. To encourage deflation, the administration may implement currency devaluation practices or other monetary policies intent on controlling the BOP. To counter this practice, an organization may consider seeking export incentives to provide relief.

Another area of great financial importance is taxation. When determining where to pursue business overseas, taxes can be very cost prohibitive, even when other financial, social and political forces are to their advantage. Skillfully negotiating a lower tax burden can be the difference in having the ability to offer a lower product price than ones competitor or not and should therefore be carefully considered.

Political Forces

The political forces affecting global businesses are ever-present and come in many forms. Ideological forces such as communism, socialism and capitalism play considerable roles in how well a business operates and must be considered when venturing into international commerce. Ideals such as communism and socialism make for difficult situations when pursuing free trade making expanding businesses opportunities in that region a difficult task.

While the basis of capitalism is free enterprise, it should not be construed as an perfectly harmonious environment in which to operate. Government maintains several areas in which it may control business through taxes, wages, employment conditions, safety, pollution, zoning and other areas.

Typically, it is assumed that socialist and communist countries are the only ones in which the government owns businesses but nationalization of business is farther reaching than where these systems exist. The practice of nationalization of business can be to support companies that provide necessary but not profitable goods and services for the country but also use the business to funnel more funds into government itself.

From a positive aspect, protection of business by government such as in the areas of farming and mining can positively affect business in general. The farming industry as a whole may experience financial difficulties but it may be necessary for the government to provide protection or assistance for the good of the nation.

Politically, terrorism remains in the forefront of the minds of many managers. Businesses operating internationally are particularly susceptible to terrorist threats and attacks and must incorporate their protective measures into their daily business plans. Companies can be subject to acts such as kidnapping of corporate executives for ransom or the bombing of contracted construction sites intended to cripple the government. It is imperative for businesses to not only be aware but be prepared with countermeasures intended to thwart the attempts of terrorists as well as a means of helping the company recover from an attack.

Other political forces affecting global businesses are the governments themselves and their ability to maintain a stable environment. Every country may deal with the unexpected happenings of fiscal or monetary changes, but governments that can maintain relatively stable during these changes are ideal. When the political environment of a country is in flux, this can also impact the businesses importing to, exporting from or operating in that country. Should that country be in the midst of hostile actions toward other nations, businesses can certainly suffer.

In the US and Europe, labor unions are a political force that can have great impact on operations. American labor unions have strong political ties and are quite active in the political arena. Their influence can affect many types of legislative decisions that will ultimately affect a company's ability to conduct business. Strikes or poorly negotiated labor agreements can allow the union to force businesses into decisions that may ultimately lead to their own demise.

Here we've seen examples of financial and political forces affecting international business but have universality regardless of region. Financially, currency rates have an impact on business whether a company operates abroad or not. With businesses being interconnected the way they are, the yen rate and the euro rate will both influence how large and small business alike can function. Inflation and BOP play a very large part in how we do business overall regardless of where in the world we are located and it is a very important factor when making business decisions. Politically, governmental control, social ideals like communism and stability of the current regime can dictate whether Starbuck will open stores in Nepal or Nice, Frankfurt or France. The choices governments make to nationalize or privatize can even determine the fate of McDonalds. That being the case, every business operating at an international level must assess its risk in that country before making a commitment. Understanding the economic, social and political nature of a country will be key to that business' future.

References

Ball, D.A., McCulloch, W.H., International Business The Challenge of Global Competition, (7th ed). Chicago Irwin McGraw-Hill 1

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The Iskos and Iskas of the Philippines

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It is Sunday noon. The atmosphere is a bit humid though the sun is high up in the sky.

Families are having lunch in the cement benches surrounding the lagoon. The children are throwing stones at the muddy pond situated in the middle. Students are jogging around the lagoon. This is the typical picture of the UP Lagoon during Sundays, the only day of the week when there are no classes. The lagoon has become a park for those families having quality time with each other. It has become a stress-relieving venue for UP students trying to recharge for the coming fast-paced academic week.

While observing UP students, I cannot help but compare them to Ateneo students. True enough, the differences are apparently great. These obvious differences have been comically transformed into school jokes circulated through email and text messages. The usual content of these school jokes would be the simplicity of UP students, the sophistication of Ateneo students, and the ludicrous classiness of La Salle students (though I will not talk about them in this article).

The most noticeable of these differences would be their dressing habits. UP students dress in different ways, but they all dress in a simple way. You will even notice some students walking around in their house clothes. Some are in athletic outfit, though they don't appear showy or athletic at all. Some guys wear old, faded jeans that really don't seem to match their shirts. Some just go with sandals or slippers on their feet. You will hardly notice students wearing nice clothes, perhaps a few, but just a few. Students don't apply perfumes. If they do, it would be probably one of the cheap scents. In terms of makeup, the girls are divided on this. Some don't wear makeup, just lipstick probably but not the full facial makeup. The other girls would be the ones who wear makeup but overdo applying it. In effect, these girls would look older by ten years. While most Ateneans, on the other hand, really have some fashion sense. Most wear nice clothes though not the flashy ones. However, there are those who are really on the extreme students who make a daily fashion statement. You may even take them for ramp models making the corridors in Berchmans and Kostka their own personal catwalks.

The next best difference between UP and Ateneo students is the fact that UP students speak Filipino more often. In the street, in school, in class, outside class; they speak Filipino everywhere. Even their freshmen orientation guide is written in Filipino. The fliers, bills, posters most of them are in Filipino. This is indeed the University of the Philippines, where everything is in Filipino. Though majority of the students in the Ateneo speak in Filipino outside classes, you can't escape those coño students speaking Taglish. These are the students who hardly speak Filipino and if they do, they could barely speak straight Filipino. Coño students are ostracized in UP. If they hear you speaking Taglish there, you'll probably be left to yourself.

In terms of food, UP students generally opt for the cheaper kind. Isaw, fishball, squidball serve as snacks to hungry Iskos and Iskas (as what UP students call themselves, shortened form for Iskolar). Vendors selling these snacks line up along the street waiting for the students to come out. Different turo-turo fastfoods, with meals ranging from P 0 to P 100, are all around the campus. Similarly, most Ateneans also opt for the cheap kind. There is Manang's, which is typically full during lunch breaks. Still, the more sophisticated Ateneans would really go out to eat lunch in one of the restaurants lined along Katipunan.

Apart from a few fortunate students who drive their own cars to school, UP students commute on jeepneys when they travel around the campus. There are the famous UP Ikot and Toki jeepneys, which have become institutions of their own in UP. Compare that to the Ateneo, where many students, especially the upperclassmen, have cars of their own. That's why heavy traffic is a common occurrence during mornings, when students come to class and afternoons, when they are dismissed from class.

It is evident that the Ateneo is trying to instill Filipino culture on its students. The Tanghalang Ateneo produces plays in Filipino. The Filipino publication, the Matanglawin is there to change the elitist image of Ateneans. In fact, it is part of our school's vision that Ateneo is a Filipino University. These concerted efforts are making some definite progress in reviving Filipino culture in the school.

But as for now, I have to admit that UP students are more representative of Filipinos than Ateneans. UP students are those you would expect to see crossing in Edsa, shopping in SM, or struggling to take a place in the MRT, just like how an enormous majority of Filipinos go about their daily lives. UP students would be the ones you'll find in turo-turo fastfoods, where most Filipinos eat their meals.

UP students represent the ideals of the Filipino youth energetic, intelligent, ambitious, capable and eager to excel. Behind the boisterous laughter, the incessant shouting, and the rudimentary ways of UP students are the Filipino values of patience, industry, and excellence. Behind the street-painting, Oblation-running, and rally-going UP student is the restless Filipino spirit and the peculiar Filipino "inclination" to disorder. No wonder our country is usually in the middle of some turmoil political or social. The often-rebellious nature of the students also corresponds to the defiant character of Filipinos we have toppled the corrupt governments of Marcos and Estrada. Behind the fraternities, sororities, and orgs, which are central to a UP student's life, is the particular need for belongingness a Filipino trait that has become more of a craving than a need. This craving becomes detrimental to the Filipino when it degenerates to mindless hazing and unreasonable violence.

UP students possess many Filipino attitudes and behavior, the good and the bad altogether. The University itself is a microcosm of the Philippines, where what is to be found in the Philippines can be found there. The University and its students epitomize the Philippines and the Filipino people. These Iskos and Iskas, the "Scholars of the Country", possess the future for the Philippines and the Filipinos.

Please note that this sample paper on The Iskos and Iskas of the Philippines is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Iskos and Iskas of the Philippines, we are here to assist you. Your paper on The Iskos and Iskas of the Philippines will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!