Best Philosophers

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The twilight of civilization wouldn't have continued shining if there were not knights who, with their pivotal ideas, empowered human beings in each era to comprehend and deal with the challenges faced by all mankind. The knights who fight the forefront of these battles are philosophers with the ability to see the not so visible issues that wrestle people's mind, and logically respond to them. Even though they share a common category that encloses them all, philosopher's objectivities differ, as there are different issues that are needed to be addressed. As it is the subject of this paper, I will try to come up with a set of criteria, as a common ground, that can be used to judge different philosophers and finally, choose the best seven who fits this set of opinionated standards.

Among the greatest of all the qualities that a philosopher might have is the burning desire to passionately, like Buddha, pursue the truth. There are numerous other facts regarding the strenuous task of a philosopher. One might begin with the number of people to whom the philosopher's endeavor has been effective and for how long. If the endeavor has been transparent through the ages, like Plato' effort, or has faded away after a short period of time. Another one is to see if the work of one philosopher has had the capabilities to get manifested in the works of later philosophers. One other important issue is to check if one man's job has had the potential strength to improve the condition of lives or the ordinary beliefs of the masses. Finally, the last one that I would like to list in these criteria is the degree in which one philosopher is responsible for individual's self-respect.

With respect to chronology, we begin with the Buddha, Siddharta Gautama, who was born six centuries before current era and reached enlightenment through his honest quest for fulfillment. His absolute withdrawal from the materialistic world started initially by joining an extreme group of ascetics, who failed to bring him enlightenment, and eventually led him to the principle of the Middle Way. Upon achieving enlightenment, he brought his followers the Four Noble Truth the status of Buddha through the Eightfold path. Gautama's life leaves no doubt why Buddha should be considered one of the greatest of all philosophers. His departure from the point that he recognized life as a place of suffering and his immediate and passionate effort to find a meaning for life is a clear example of his true intentions. His attitude in life that "regardless of how far individuals had fallen or been rejected by society, they received from the Buddha a respect that stemmed from the simple fact that they were fellow human beings" was the source for self-respect among his followers (Smith 8). His legendary image has remained for centuries as guidance for numerous people all around the world as an indication that through his teachings, achieving enlightenment is possible and therefore changed the life style and beliefs of his followers. Also, his teachings have provided a foundation for later eastern philosophers.

Continuing with our time-wise manner, next comes Plato. The son of wealthy and influential Athenian parents, Plato began his philosophical career as a student of Socrates. Plato tried both to pass on the heritage of a Socratic style of thinking and to guide their progress through mathematical learning to the achievement of abstract philosophical truth (Kemerling). The type of dialog that was first initiated by Socrates was enhanced through the teachings and literacy works of Plato. His work not only caused a revolution in analysing philosophical topics but created the foundation for sceintific researches that eventually changed the world as was once known. Almost all analytical works have found their basis in the works pursuaded and enhanced by Plato in all four corners of the world. His literacy work, The Republic, is an excellent example of his idea regarding an ideal society, or individual, in which justice, wisdom, and virtue have all been debated. It was the nobility of his ideas, and the uniqueness of his style in approaching problems that has made all knowledgeable human beings to appreciate and benefit from his truth-loving effort.

In the fourth century, Augustine's journey to find the roots of the nature of evil, had him, finally, convert from Manichean to Christianity. He devoted himself to Christianity, followed the footsteps of Plato, and have those teachings applied to his newly adopted religion. He was named the Christian bishop of Hippo and devoted the rest of his life to the formation of an ascetic religion community. "Perhaps Augustine's greatest single contribution to western philosophy (and not only to Christian thinking) was his emphasis on one's personal, inner life" which was the foundation of another group of philosopher, in recent history, who called themselves Romantic (Solomon 1). Among his works, one is proving the existence of God by referencing the abstract philosophy of Plato. His sincere effort added Christianity, which was already a growing religion, with a logical structure that brought impregnability to Christianity. His frank devotion expanded the framework of Christianity, which is the core belief of a great percentage of people. Augustine's view of human beings in relation to God and the means, through which people can be happy, is the source of self-respect for those who follow his teachings.

Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, and Sartre are the other philosophers who should be considered as the most important of all the philosophers. One thing that all four have in common is the fact that all of them are relatively current philosophers, and they all responded to the condition of modern man. They agree that the modern man is destined to endure the waves of shocking changes in the past two centuries, which is not like any other time in the history of human being.

Karl Marx was born in Prussia, where he was under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach and other radical Hegelians. Although he shared Hegel's belief in dialectical structure and historical inevitability, Marx held that the foundations of reality lay in the material base of economics rather than in the abstract thought of idealistic philosophy. In his literacy work, Communist Manifesto, he describes " the class struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie, distinguishes communism from other socialist movements, and proposes a list of specific social reforms, and urges all workers to unite in revolution against existing regimes" (Kemerling). Marx had felt the social changes that was the direct result of industrialization. He believed that alienation of workers from their labor not only eliminates their rights but also causes for a loss of identity. To this danger, in his mind, he responded and as history has witnessed, it was emraced by millions. His idea, in an abstract level, was to create utopia in which there are no classes. The master and slave relationship that undermines one's value will be eradicated and everybody will gain an equal share, which at the end, will help to boast self-respect for all people of a society. Needless to say that replacing the concept of God by materialistic ideas was not an easy thing, he achieved it.

Jean-Paul Sartre was a philosopher who showed his clear ideas out of the rubble of the two world wars. He was under the influence of other philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, Marx, and Hidegger. His existentialist ideas found many fans during the time that human's lives' value had reached its lowest level. Sartre defined the boundaries of human's feedom and declared that we are solely responsible for our deeds within that boundary which provides us with the air for freewill. The fact that he, too, felt the pressure of living under terror and lack of definition for human beings, motivated him for his works and tried to reach general audience through different mediums to share with them his ideas and remedies for the man of this century.

Friedrich Nietzsche was born the son of a Lutheran pastor in Röcken. He was raised by female relatives after his fathers death in 184. He quickly abandoned his initial pursuit of theology in order to specialize in philolosophy at Bonn. He believed that "Reliance on abstract concepts in a quest for absolute truth, he supposed, is merely a symptom of the degenerate personalities of philosophers like Socates" (Kemerling). Darwin's idea of evolution got manifested into Nietzsche's fictional epic, Thus Spoke Zoroaster, in which he "offered up the incredible suggestion that human beings were nothing but a bridge between the ape, on one side, and the Ubermensch (superman) on the other"(Solomon ). Nietzsche, as an awakened conscious on top of the western philosophy, looked at the entire Europe with critical eyes and announced the deficiencies that are needed to get corrected if we want to give birth to some thing higher than ourselves, which he said is the only purpose in life. Unlike many others, he believed that we can truly live when we participate in the drama of life and that is true being. Besides his poetic and strikingly beautiful writing style, his ideas have found many devoted advocates who realized the value of his works and understood the depth of teachings that he brings to humanity.

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician and psychoanalyst who introduces philosophers to a new realm, the psyche. Freud offered a series of extended accounts of the mechanism of repression, by means of which the motives of human behavior are unrecognizably disguised even from their agents. He introduced a new concept with new terminology that suddenly affected all we thought we knew about ourselves (Solomon 54). Even though some people believe that freud can not be categorized as a philosopher but his influence on the field of philosophy is so serious that not considering him a philosopher is even a more difficult task. His interpretation of dreams and the things he discovered about different layers of our personality had such a great impact on humanity that its true dimentions yet to explored.

If we only know of the set of qualities a philosopher is required to have in order to be worth mentioning as a philosopher, then we can conclude that those who possess a greater degree of those qualities can be listed as the world's most important philosopher.

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Mozart

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The classical period produced more instrumental than vocal music, a wealth of serious and comic operas as well as vocal religious music also appeared during this time"(Ferris, 1). One of the best composer of this time was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In this paper I will go through his childhood, his friends and family, and of course his music. Enjoy!!! Child of the Enlightenment The world that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart entered ceremoniously in 1756 was brimming in change. Historians refer to this era as the Age of Enlightenment, one of unparalleled scientific, philosophical, and political ferment. Within Mozart's lifetime it set in motion forces that would fundamentally alter life not only in his native, Salzburg, but also around the globe. The Enlightenment was not, to be sure, a democratic movement. In France, the absolutism of the Sun King, Louis XIV, continued under Louis XV and XVI. But in Austria, Empress Maria Theresa introduced a greater measure of tolerance and freedom among her subjects, laying a foundation for the democratic revolutions that followed. Wolfgang's father Leopold came from a family of Augsburg bookbinders. He received a solid Jesuit education, more intellectual than evangelical after a year at the Benedictine University in nearby Salzburg; Leopold stopped attending classes to pursue a career as a musician. "Leopold figured as Mozart's most important first model. He taught his son the clavier and composition"(Mercardo 76). Wolfgang's mother Anna-Maria brought as much talent to her -year marriage as did Leopold. Though deprived of a formal education, she was highly intelligent and quick-witted qualities that attracted the sober and reserved Leopold. Only two of their seven children survived infancy. Wolfgang's musically talented sister Nannerl was five years older. Yet in this painting, the 1-year- old looks like a spinster of seventycomplete with budding double chin. Wolfgang, too, looks far older than his 7 years, and controls the action from his place at its center. The Child Prodigy Indeed, Mozart marks the beginning of the Western fascination with the child prodigy. Dressed in the festive outfit given Wolfgang in 176 by the Empress Maria Theresa, this boy of not quite seven years old looks, for all the world, like a miniature adult who has simply skipped childhood. "Mozart was keenly aware of his exceptional ability, which had been fostered and rutted in him by his father from a very early age"(Schroter). Other nineteenth-century artists represented Wolfgangvariously said to be anywhere from 11 to 14 as a curly-locked angel. For them, how else could the divine music that poured out of a child-size body be explained? The idealization of Mozart's genius was complete by the end of the nineteenth century. Mozart composes with his violin in one hand and music has appeared miraculously on his stand in the other. The message is unmistakable "Mortals use quills, Mozart simply wills"(Solomon) On the Road The temptation to take his two prodigies on the road proved irresistible to Leopold, who assumed sole responsibility for Mozart's education. Between 176 and 1766, the Mozarts appeared at almost every major court in Europe. Wolfgang dazzled audiences with his ability to read difficult music at sight and to improvise. In London, as elsewhere, the Mozarts hobnobbed with the leading musicians. Probably the most important of these was Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of Johann Sebastian. It is no accident that Mozart's early symphonies, composed in London, are often stylistically indistinguishable from those of J. C. Bach. When Mozart was 1, his prowess as a keyboard player, violinist, improviser, and composer were already legendary. "When Mozart was 1 he wrote "Paris" Symphony, N1 while he was in Paris looking for a music position. He was thoroughly disenchanted with the French and their music"(Internet). From 1768 to 1775, between stays in Salzburg, he and Leopold made three further forays to Italy and Germany. Wolfgang evolved from a prodigy into a serious composer. Public Successes A self-confident Mozart assured his father in 178 that he would be able to support a wife and family in Vienna, As a result which he called "Clavierland. Of its earlier devastation, the dominant architectural style in Vienna is Baroque, aided in the 1700s by an influx of Italian sculptors, stucco workers, and painters. The dominant architect and architectural historian was Italian-trained Johann Fischer von Erlach(1656-17), whose densely decorated structures still stand out today." He planned to achieve this by writing music for the public operas, symphonies, and concertos featuring himself as pianist. Although public performances were less frequent than today, they were for that reason on a more lavish scale. Of a set of piano concertos, Mozart commented "There are passages here and there from which the connoisseurs alone can derive sattisfaction; but these passages are written in such a way that the less learned cannot fail to be pleased, though without knowing why(Solomon ). In spite of intrigues raised against him, Mozart managed to present The Abduction from the Seraglio in 178. Of its success, he wrote proudly to his father"People are crazy about this opera, and it does me good to hear such applause." For the first few seasons, Mozart enjoyed an intoxicating popularity among the Viennese. In a series of academies attended by almost 00 supporters and patrons, he unveiled a string of masterful piano concertos. Emboldened by his success, he moved his family to the best part of town. Mozart tried to take advantage of the emerging entrepreneurial opportunities in Vienna. Four of his operasThe Abduction from the Seraglio(178), The Marriage of Figaro(1786), Don Giovanni(1787), and Così fan tutte(170)were premiered or performed in the prestigious Burgtheater. But the Viennese were not disposed to settle on one composer for long, even one whose talents dwarfed those of all others. Figarobegun in October 1785, only nine months after the completion of the C-major String Quartetprovides an instructive example. The play by Beaumarchais had been banned shortly after its Parisian premiere in 1784. By 1787, Mozart's star in Vienna had begun to set. In Peter Shafer's play Amadeus, Mozart's failures are attributed to an infantile personality and the intrigues of court composer Antonio Salieri. But there is no evidence that either of these wonderful dramatic conceits were true historically. Indeed, Mozart and Salieri were on cordial terms. Papa Haydn We do not know the occasion on which Mozart first encountered Joseph Haydn, though it was almost certainly around 1781, possibly at one of the gatherings organized by Baron von Swieten to hear the music of J. S. Bach. At 50, Haydn was twice Mozart's age. By now he was also at least twice as well known. Mozart had known Haydn's music for at least ten years. In Haydn he not only found a composer whose achievements were on a level with his own, but a warm and sympathetic friend in whom he could confide. This contrasted strongly with the strained relationship that Mozart enjoyed with his father. In the autumn of 171, Mozart's health became progressively worse, and he was subject to fits of depression and presentiments of death. However, he worked feverishly to complete the Clarinet Concerto, K.6, and the Masonic Cantata and was trying to finish the Requiem. He died on December 5, 171, and was buried in a pauper's grave"Viennese society where to blame for Mozart's lack of recognition, slow demise, and interment in a pauper's grave"(Braunbehrers). The unfinished Requiem, which Mozart imagined was for himself, is numbered K.66. "His body was gone, but his magnificent music-symphonies, opera, duos, trios, quartet, violon concertos, piano concertos, vocal and choral works praising God, happiness, and all of life-lives forever"(Mirsky144) Listening example Mozart 1 symphony (K.16) was written at the age of nine. His symphonic compositions culminate in the "Jupiter" written in 1788 when Mozart was . His earlier symphonies seem to give greatest importance to the first movement. In the "Jupiter" Mozart build toward the finale with passages in a fugal style as the grand climax after the minuet (rd Movement) Composer W.A. Mozart Title Jupiter Symphony Key C Meter In threes Form A B A (Minuet and Trio) Terms to Review Enlightenment A philosophical movement of the eighteenth century that placed primary faith in the power of mankind to solve chronic problems through the application of reason and scientific method rather than faith and speculation. The Enlightenment anticipated democratic revolutions, but took place under political monarchies. As a child of the Enlightenment, Mozart considered himself a member of the natural aristocracy but was anything but a democrat. Violin The highest and the most glamorous member of the string family, pitched a fifth above the viola. In a string quartet, both of the treble instruments are violins. One who plays the violin (however well or badly) is known as a "violinist." If you are contemplating taking up a string instrument and fame is your goal, then the violin is your first choice. Mozart, Leopold (171-1787) Father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Leopold served over four decades as a court musician to five archbishops of Salzburg. In 1756, the year that Wolfgang was born, he published the first edition of his Violin School, which soon brought him international fame. In 1800, more than a dozen years after Leopold's death, his treatise was still being reprinted. As Wolfgang's only formal teacher, he exercised a pivotal influence on his son's development. Opera A drama set to music. Opera was the dominant form of Western public music from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, parallel in importance to our modern cinema. Baroque Period in musical history extending from ca. 1600 to 1750. The music of the late Baroque (ca. 160 to 1750) is best known today. Its major representatives were Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany, Georg Friderich Handel (another German) in England, Antonio Vivaldi in Italy, and Jean-Philippe Rameau in France. Mozart was born as the late Baroque drew to a close. As an adult, he came to know and admire the music of Bach and Handel. Piano Concerto One of the public forms of instrumental music cultivated by Mozart in Vienna. Mozart can, for all practical purposes, be credited with the invention of the Classical piano concerto. Antonio Salieri Italian composer (1750-185) who spent most of his career in Vienna and became one of its most influential musicians. So fond was the emperor, Joseph II, of Salieri that he became known as the "musical pope." Salieri was first and foremost an opera composer, though a considerably less innovative one than Mozart. Both Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert studied with Salieri. Joseph Haydn Austrian composer (17-180) whose eighteenth-century fame eclipsed that of Mozart. Unlike Mozart, Haydn was a relatively late bloomer, composing most of his important music after the age of 5 (at which age Mozart was dead). Haydn played a seminal role in the development of the symphony and the string quartet. His friendship with Mozart from ca. 1781 on was crucial to the musical development of both composers. Summary The world that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart entered unceremoniously in 1756 was awash in change. Historians refer to this era as the Age of Enlightenment. Indeed, Mozart marks the beginning of the Western fascination with the child prodigy. The idealization of Mozart's genius was complete by the end of the nineteenth century. Between 176 and 1766, the Mozarts appeared at almost every major court in Europe. Wolfgang dazzled audiences with his ability to read difficult music at sight and to improvise Four of his operasThe Abduction from the Seraglio(178), The Marriage of Figaro(1786), Don Giovanni(1787), and Così fan tutte(170)were premiered or performed in the prestigious Burgtheater. Then Mozart met Haydn; we do not know the occasion on which Mozart first encountered Joseph Haydn. In Haydn, he not only found a composer whose achievements were on a level with his own, but a warm and sympathetic friend in whom he could confide. In the autumn of 171, Mozart's health became progressively worse. He died on December 5, 171, and was buried in a pauper's grave.

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Wireless Application Protocol

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WAP(Wireless Application Protocol)

Background

In 15 Ericsson initiated a project which purpose was to develop a general protocol, or rather a concept, for value added services on mobile networks. Theprotocol was named Intelligent Terminal Transfer Protocol (ITTP), and handles the communication between a service node where the service application is implemented and an intelligent mobile telephone. The ambition was to make ITTP a standard for value added services in mobile networks.During 16 and 17 Unwired Planet, Nokia, and others, launched additional concepts in the area of value added services on mobile networks. Unwired Planet presented Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) and Handheld Device Transport Protocol (HDTP). Just as HyperText Markup Language (HTML) used on the WWW, HDML is used for describing content and user interface, but optimised for wireless Internet access from handheld devices with small displays and limited input facilities. In March 17 Nokia officially presented the Smart Messaging concept, an Internet access service technology specially designed for handheld GSM devices. The communication between the mobile user and the server containing Internet information uses Short Message Service (SMS) and a markup language called Tagged Text Markup Language (TTML). Just like HDML, this language is adapted for wireless communication, i.e. narrowband connections.With a multitude of concepts there was a substantial risk that the market could become fragmented, a evelopment that neither of the involved companies would benefit from. Therefore, the companies agreed upon bringing forth a joint solution. WAP was born...

WAP Forum

On June 6 17 Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet took the initiative to start a rapid creation of a standard for making advanced services within the wireless domain a reality. In December 17 WAP Forum was formally created, and after the release of the WAP 1.0 specifications in April 18, WAP Forum membership was opened to all. Today (February 1) over companies are members of WAP Forum. Among these companies many of the world¡¦s leading terminal and infrastructure manufacturers, software companies, operators, and service providers are found. The handset manufacturers in WAP

Forum represent over 0% of the world market across all technologies, and the network operators are representing about 100 million subscribers.

The main objectives of the WAP Forum are

„ Independent of wireless network standard

„ Open to all

„ Will be proposed to the appropriate standards bodies

„ Applications scale across transport options (GSM, IS-5, IS-16, PDC,CDMA etc)

„ Applications scale across device types (mobile phones, PDAs, etc)

„ Extensible over time to new networks and transports (e.g. G systems)he WAP Model

WAP do also make use of the Internet paradigm to provide a flexible service platform. In order to accommodate wireless access to the information space offered by the WWW, WAP is based on well-known Internet technology that has been optimized to meet the constraints of a wireless environment. Services created using HTML would not fit very well on small handheld devices since they are intended for use on desktop computers with big screens. Low bandwidth wireless bearers would neither be suitable for delivering the rather extensive information that HTML pages often consist of. Therefore a markup language adapted to these constraints has been developed - the Wireless Markup Language (WML).WML offers a navigation model designed for devices with small displays and limited input facilities (no mouse and limited keyboard). In order to save valuable bandwidth in the wireless network, WML can be encoded into a compact binary format. Encoding WML is one of the tasks performed by the WAP Gateway/Proxy, which is the entity that connects the wireless domain with the Internet. WAP do also provide a means for supporting more advanced tasks, comparable to those solved by using for example JavaScript in HTML. The solution in WAP is called WML Script.

WAP Architecture

WAP is designed in a layered fashion in order to be extensible, flexible, and scalable. With the Open System Interconnection model (OSI model) in mind, the WAP-stack basically is divided into five layers. They are

Application Layer

Provides Wireless Application Environment (WAE) The various components of WAE

„ Addressing model

„ A syntax suitable for naming resources stored on servers

„ Wireless Markup Language (WML)

„ WMLScript

„ Wireless Telephony Application (WTA, WTAI)A framework and programming interface for telephony services

Session Layer

Provides Wireless Session Protocol (WSP).WSP is the interface between WAE and the rest of the protocol stack The two main stack configurations (connection and connectionless mode) are named after the session services offered by WSP. The connectionless session service is basically a thin layer that WAE can use when there is no need for reliable delivery of messages.The main functionality of the connection mode of WSP is to set up a session between a client and the WAP Gateway/Proxy. This session handles capability negotiation at session establishment and also communication interrupts such as change of bearer. It is assumed to be long-lived and can be suspended, and later resumed, instead of disconnected if no communication will be needed for a time. This means that no new capability negotiation is needed when the session is resumed, which lessens the traffic load. Support for asynchronous handling of requests implies that, if several data requests have been sent, the answers may be delivered in a different order

Transaction Layer

Has Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) WTP is responsible for control of transmitted and received messages. It provides a reliable communication where messages are uniquely identified so as not to be accepted twice and may be retransmitted to the peer if lost in transmission. There is no connection between communications as every communication sequence is only alive during the exchange of an individual message set

Security Layer

Provides Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)to provide transport layer security between a WAP client and the WAP Gateway/Proxy.

Key features include

„ nIntegrity through the use of Message Authentication Codes (MAC)

„ Confidentiality through the use of encryption

„ Authentication and non repudiation of server and client, using digital certificates

These features make it possible to certify that the sent data have not been

manipulated by a third party, that privacy is guaranteed, that an author of a message can be identified, and that both parties can not falsely deny having sent their messages. A secure connection is set up with an establishment phase where negotiation such as parameter settings, key exchange and authentication is performed. Both parties can abort the secure connection during establishment or at any time later.

Transport Layer

Provides Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

The base of the WAP protocol stack is a datagram layer, WDP, offering a consistent interface to the upper layers of the stack.If WAP is used over a bearer supporting User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the WDP layer is not needed. On other bearers, such as GSM SMS, the datagram functionality is provided by WDP. This means that whether WAP uses UDP or WDP, it is given a datagram service, which hide the characteristics of different bearers and provides port number functionality.

During recent years, both the Internet and wireless voice communication have undergone wide and rapid acceptance. The unification of these two technologies, the wireless Internet, has however not enjoyed the same development even though the Internet provides a means for rapid service development, short time-to-market, ease-of-use, and convenient manageability.

Issues in the network addressed by WAP

„ Low Bandwidth

„ High Latency

„ Less Connection Stability/Unpredictable Bearer Availability

„ Limited Memory and CPU of device

„ Limited Battery Power of device

Benefits Of WAP Network

To Subscribers

„ nPortability

„ nEasy to use

„ nThe possibility of having personalized, fast, convenient services

To Operators

„ nAddress new market segments of mobile users

„ nDeploy telephony services are easy to create, update, and personalise

„ nUse the flexibility of WAP as a tool to differentiate from competitors

„ nIncreased revenues per user due to higher network utilization

To Service Providers

„ Create a service once, make it accessible on a range of networks

„ Address new market segments by launching innovative mobile VAS.

„ and keep old customers by adapting existing Internet services to WAP

„ Keep old customers by adapting existing Internet services to WAP

To Manufacturers

„ WAP scales across a broad range of mobile networks, meaning that WAP implementations can be used in devices supporting different types of networks

„ The expected wide adoption of WAP implies that economies of scales

can be achieved, meaning that the huge mass-market can be addressed.

Examples of WAP services are

„ nBanking

Account statements, paying bills, transfer money between accounts...

„ nFinance

Stock quotes, buy and sell stocks, interest rates, exchange rates...

„ Shopping

Buy everyday commodities, books, records...

„ nGames/Contests

SMS contests, horse-race betting, poker...

„ nTicketing

Book and/or buy air tickets, cinema tickets, concert tickets...

„ nWeather

Weather forecasts, weather on other locations...

„ nCall management

Allow the user to choose how an incoming call should be handled.

Options could be answer, reject, forward to assistant, forward to voice

Voice mail, Unified Messaging.

Handle e-mail, faxes, voice mails, etc in a unified manner

Enhanced support of legacy SMS services

Allows seamless migration from existing text based services into WAP

Attractive interface to DTMF services

Increase usage of existing DTMF services by providing a better user interface

Please note that this sample paper on Wireless Application Protocol is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wireless Application Protocol, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Wireless Application Protocol will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Sex education

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sex education. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sex education paper right on time.

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ANGLICARE

As the name suggests this particular organization stemmed out of the eagerness to provide care to needy Australians possessed by Anglican Christians in Australia and other nations. Since 1875, over 140 years ago, Anglicans have shown this by working to offer care for needy and neglected citizens of Australia under the title Anglican home missions society. The Anglican Church had smaller caring agencies among this group and most of them had a meeting together in 18 at Gibulla in south Sydney. They talked about the work they were doing, they decided that the agencies had become slightly more politically minded of late and that this could be used to provoke the governments of Australia and the welfare agencies to more actively address the welfare and poverty issues. The conference discovered that although caring for the needy communities, the homeless and so on, the first and primary reason for this work was to be more like Jesus Christ and do his work in the world, these ideas are summed up and stated in the national Anglican welfare conference manifesto-"the church's welfare work is an expression of Christ's love in the world."

In 188, given the regular meetings of the various caring agencies it was decided to form a large group known as NACON (the National Anglican Caring Organization Network.) In September 17, 60 agencies within NACON joined together to form stronger, more tightly structured organization within Victorian legislation. Anglicare is born, which would now replace NACON. The name anglicare was already being used in western Australia since the 170's, but now the national group has adopted it. The combination of all these diverse agencies allowed anglicare to join together and offer all forms of care such as aged care, indigenous care, and care for the wider community under the one name and gave the workers a sense of unity, working together for one goal. This goal is defined and stated in anlgicare's constitution "to lead and support the Anglican Church in pursuit of the gospel imperative of justice and care."

By 00 anglicare has almost all the Anglican in agencies in care under the name anglicare and the logo developed in 001 at the annual general meeting. The work done by anglicare is organized on a diocesan basis and there is at least one member of anglicare working in all of the dioceses in Australia. Also the diocese in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea uses the name anglicare as well as the diocese of Melanesia.

Your probably thinking that anglicare is all about administration but the majority of it's workers are out there on the streets or in Churches looking for new ways to solve the problems that the neglected and the needy face. These efforts are motivated by the love of God and the wish to share it with the wider community through practical care. We know that anglicare is bible based by the link it has to the Anglican Church and the many of its Christian members. Not all of anglicares workers are Christian due to equal opportunities legislation given that some of the positions at anglicare are government funded. Anglicare receives support from churches; this is another form of love shown to others in this area. Verses in the bible call all the followers of the Lord to do good in the world and share the love of God given to them, one such verse is Galatians 6-10 "Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Therefore, as have opportunity let us do good to all the people, especially those who belong to the family of believers."

Anglicare is still a thriving organization, which uses every available resource to see that the help needed reaches it's target in the area of social welfare, Anglicare offers aged care which involves visiting old people in retirement homes, this can be a really lonely stage in a persons life, so it is really important that this service is maintained. 0 agencies within Anglicare are dedicated to aged care services for the elderly community; these operate at more than 14 locations around the nation. Also Anglicare provides 61 commonwealth approved aged care beds and 415 independent living units, various sorts of aged care is provided to over 000 aged persons living at home through home and community care services. Anglicare is a member of the national aged care alliance, a representative body of organizations containing professionals in all areas providing aged care at the highest level. Another initiative of anglicare is the "break the cycle campaign."

This involves the goal of halving the total number of children living in jobless households, reducing the figure to 40 000 children, with the view to cut the cycle of families living in poverty simply because they inherited the lifestyle from the previous generation.

"State of the family" is an annual report by anglicare, which basically sums up the problems faced, in Australia's average household and how to overcome them. The 00 report says that rising prices in real estate are a main cause of poverty in Australia; this report is a good way of raising some of the issues in today's world and provokes thought and action towards offering aid to the poorer sector of society.

Anglicare family support services.

Family care is one of the main support areas that anglicare involves itself in, offering counseling and other aid to help make families function better and have the capacity to deal with issues in the family and troubled relationships.

Anglicare migrant services or AMS has provided relief and aid programs to migrants since the 170's, operating out of Cabramatta the team is made up of 45 professionals. Trained in social work, psychology, primary teaching, welfare, youth work and rehabilitation counseling. Plus volunteers who come from various churches around the area. It doesn't matter where the migrants come from or their situation, anglicare will do all in its power to provide a good future for this needy group of people and help them settle in to not just survival but an enjoyable life. The workers are mostly bi-lingual and/or they come from a foreign background. Although mainly from Indochina, the clients come from all over the world. Migrants who are settling into a new home will often receive aid in the form of material possessions such as furniture or financial assistance. Anglicare offers its services to all Australians including indigenous people, they also actively, through the Anglican reconciliation working group, work towards reconciliation. Anglicare also works to support NATSIAC, the National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Anglican council.

Anglicare in cooperation with other community agencies, use funding offered by Federal, State and Local governments to provide services and programs many of us don't know about. The following list of these is included in this initiative

µ Residential and community aged care

µ Foster care, adoption and child care

µ Family support and relationship counseling

µ Support for people with disabilities

µ Financial and gambling counseling

µ Treatment for drug and alcohol dependence

µ Family violence

µ Youth programs

µ Emergency relief

µ Employment services

µ Community housing and emergency accommodation for homeless people

µ Community development through building companies of hope

µ Working with aboriginal and islander Australians

µ Assistance to refugees and migrants

µ Social research and advocacy

Anglicare offers a lot to all Australians in need and many people are now a lot better off from the generosity shown to them through the hard work put in by volunteers and paid workers in the form of practical care in today's society.

Within each diocese there are 5 regions and each has an anglicare parish community worker, usually a Christian this person goes out to all the churches in the community and talks with them about various ways the problems in that area can be solved to make it better. This might include talking with churches about starting a drop in center or a childcare group like playgroup and visiting elderly people, which we know is important. If there is a lot of things like this already taking place then the parish community worker will help the church to discover new ways to offer aid to the community as part of the broader strategy to make things better. This is a good way to show love to the community. The parish community worker may help conduct collections for donations like food, toys and others including financial donation. Think about the number of people if 5 workers are in each of the dioceses around Australia, there must be many people benefiting from that amount of churches getting involved.

When a large number of human resources are combined the effects are astounding, for example through the generous donation of anglicare's members, 500 million Australian dollars was available to be poured into the good of the community in the form of social welfare programs offered by anglicare. That amount of money has a lasting effect on society and this is just one Christian aid organization.

Anglicare as the name suggests is from the Anglican denomination of Christianity, however you don't have to be an Anglican to work for or support anglicare you don't have to be a Christian, as I have mentioned earlier due to equal opportunity legislation, government funded positions within anglicare have to be advertised to everyone in society and it can't be dictated by religious beliefs. But this is not a set back as any Christian who truly follows Christ would see this as an opportunity to expose a member of society to God's love, also as Christians the members of anglicare and the churches can see past the insignificance of denominational differences and work together striving for the gospel's cause which is universal and reach the goal talked about earlier.

Anglicare's influence in society is more less limited to the caring and the religious sections of society. But it has impacted many due to its presence nationwide and the quality service and care it provides. Although it may seem anglicare is complex organization with many different sections throughout Australia, the message is simple To share the love of Christy around the community and reflect a Christ like attitude toward the relationships we have with others, and to help out where possible and give generously as Jesus did.

Anglicares involvement in Australian society can be summarized in the following four areas

Q Offers practical care

Q Encourages Christians to think of others

Q Help provide food and housing

Q Share the message

One other way that anglicare involves itself in the wider community is they use there influence on the political scene to get more benefits for those that need them for example anglicare lobbies to see the rise in social security payments so those who are unemployed can get along better.

In conclusion we can see that anglicare only has effected society in the social welfare part of Australian society but what it has done here will be everlasting no-one can appreciate the effort this organization has put in to help get struggling members of society back on their feet.

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Seven daughters of eve

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The origin of mankind is a question that has challenged historians for centuries. Although most recent histories are carefully documented, the bulk of the story of humanity, prehistory, remains largely unknown. In his book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Professor Bryan Sykes attempts to explore the mysterious field of human evolution and connect the modern population to their distant ancestors. The artifact he uses to bridge the present to the past is mitochondrial DNA, "the traveler from an antique land who lives within us all." (Sykes, 001, p.1). Being a short strand of genetic material in the mitochondria, this DNA (mtDNA) has far fewer nucleotide bases and a higher rate of mutation compared with the chromosomes in the nucleus . The fact that mtDNA is inherited maternally without recombination makes it valuable to anthropology as it preserves information about ancestry . Through his research experience with mtDNA in the study of the Iceman, the prehistoric Europeans and various other subjects, Sykes reaches the conclusion that all modern Europeans descended from seven women, "the seven daughters of Eve".

Through careful experiments and scientific research, mtDNA is able to provide a convincing outline of human evolution in the last million years. However, it is by no means the perfect solution. The general theory Sykes constructed, that modern humans were derived from one or a few ancient females that diverged and spread to the continents, is consistent with a number of pieces of archeological and biological evidence. However, when the details are examined, the claim that all modern Europeans descend from seven individuals is not completely credible. In addition, the presence of ambiguous clusters of gene networks seems to defy the argument that mitochondrial DNA is inherited exclusively from females.

Two distinct models have been proposed to explain the origin of modern man . The "Multiregional Hypothesis" states that all modern Homo sapiens developed in parallel from separate populations of Homo erectus in Africa, Europe and Asia . In contrast, the "Out of Africa Hypothesis" states that the modern Homo sapiens evolved from a single source in Africa and spread to Eurasia through colonization . In The Seven Daughters of Eve, Sykes concludes that the evidence extracted from mitochondrial DNA supports the "Out of Africa Hypothesis" and argues that all modern men were derived from "only one ancestor, the mother of all Africa and the rest of the world." (Sykes, 001, p.76). One particular group of descendants from this "mitochondrial Eve" (Sykes, 001, p.76), the clan of "Lara" (Sykes, 001, p.78), migrated from Africa 100,000 years ago and eventually occupied all of Eurasia. The claim is further confirmed through genetic research and archaeological evidence. According to scientists, African populations have the most ancient alleles and the greatest genetic diversity, indicating that they might be the oldest human population in existence . In Europe, where the evidence for a localized origin of humans seems the strongest, archaeological artifacts, including advanced weapons, sophisticated tools and artworks signs of a highly developed culture and an indication of the presence of the Cro-Magnon have been found in geographical progression . This important clue suggests that the Cro-Magnons (ancestors of modern Europeans) did not rise independently from different origins but instead derived from one source and radiated from one geographical location gradually through migration .

The colonization of modern man coincided with another important development. Just around the time when the first humans were thought to have appeared in Asia, Australia, New Guinea and the Americas, a huge variety of local animal species mysteriously disappeared . The near-simultaneous extinctions of so many large species indicate that the modern man must have migrated to these areas very recently in prehistory, instead of evolving from local protohuman populations . According to the current theory, most big mammals survived in Eurasia and flourished in Africa because they coevolved with humans for millions of years and had ample time to learn to survive the humans . The animals in Australia and America, however, had the misfortune to be suddenly confronted by modern humans armed with superior hunting techniques and therefore became extinct . Bryan Sykes' mitochondrial research supports the "Out of Africa Hypothesis" and is consistent with archaeological records.

A parallel conclusion is reached proposing that all modern Europeans originated from seven women who lived between the last 0,000 and 15,000 years ago. Unlike the previous conjecture, this hypothesis is more detailed and problematic. Around the time when these women are supposed to have lived, modern humans had already taken a firm root in Europe and their population would certainly have exceeded the thousands . Sykes acknowledges this fact when he comments "A clan mother did not have to be the only woman around at the time and she certainly wouldn't have been." (Sykes, 001, p.1). Then why did the offspring of these seven women alone thrived while the vast majority of others became perished or lost? Sykes suggests that "at some point between then and now [other women's] descendants in the female line either had no children or produced only sons." (Sykes, 001, p.1), but this statement alone is not sufficient to account for the massive genetic drift, of which out of tens of thousands of women only seven individuals passed their mtDNA to future generations. A possible explanation for this curious phenomenon is that the rate of mtDNA mutation is slower, and the seven clan mothers actually lived before the occupation of Europe by the Cro-Magnons. Then, through successive waves of colonization, the descendants of the seven women migrated through East Asia into Europe. Their mtDNA, through the founder's effect, became dominant in Europe and got passed on to the modern Europeans. In fact, investigations done by several other scientists have yielded different rates of mtDNA mutation . A 1 report claims that mtDNA mutation rates differ in some groups of animals, and the divergent dates for some animals calculated from mtDNA do not match the fossil records . The conclusion that all modern Europeans derived from seven women living so recently is not very convincing.

Another puzzling aspect of Sykes' study of mtDNA is the occurrence of ambiguous clusters of gene networks. In Chapter 10, Bryan Sykes mentions that during his research conducted on the mtDNA sequence of modern Europeans, he encountered several cases in which related genetic sequences cannot be constructed in an evolution tree. In his example, two separated sequences, sequence B with a mutation at position 11 and sequence C with a mutation at position 18 arise from the reference sequence. Then, a sequence with mutations on both position 18 and 11 emerge and claims to be descended from both sequences B and C. To solve this problem, Sykes arranged the sequences in a network instead of a tree (see page 140), and decided that sequence D was derived from both sequence B and C. This organization seems to contradict the claim that mtDNA can be inherited from the females alone. If sequence D had indeed developed from sequence B and C, then two strands of mtDNA, instead of one, contributed to forming the mtDNA D for the next generation. If one of the mutations came from the mother, then the other one must have came from the father. In another study published 1, scientists suggest the rare possibility of mtDNA recombination through another clue . If the mtDNA is only inherited from the mothers, then the correlation between different mutations should not depend on how far on the genome they are, because each of the bases on the control region of the mtDNA has the same chance of having a point mutation . Instead, their measurements show that mutations at distant sites along the genome are less likely correlated than those on nearby sites . Possibly, the occasional inputs of mutations from the fathers, who are likely to have mtDNA sequences similar to that of the mothers, increased the chance that nearby mutations on the mtDNA are related . Although the mechanism for mtDNA recombination is still unknown and disputed, mtDNA recombination between the male and the female is a remote possibility.

Aside from minor ambiguities, such as the disagreement at the rate of mtDNA mutation and the likelihood of mtDNA recombination, the theory that all modern humans are derived from a single female, confirming the "Out of Africa Hypothesis", is well supported with archaeological and biological evidence. Modern science cannot construct a complete account of prehistory packed with accurate details, but The Seven Daughters of Eve outlines the major biological stages in human evolution, and Sykes' imagination supplies the living continuity of the story in the gaps of fragmentary evidence. The real lives of the clan mothers can never be told, but their hypothetical experiences are highly representative and typical of prehistoric humans. The significance of this root-searching cannot be ignored. It prides a reader to learn how his/her distant ancestors had struggled against the harsh realities of prehistoric life to bring humanity to dominate the world. A sense of honor and unity is aroused when one traces his/her roots back to the ancient clan mother, and realizes his/her blood is bonded to the 6 billions souls living around him/her. Yet, the importance of this root also cannot be exaggerated. After all, the universal origin of man is only a distant past, and one must observe the present and look forward to the future. Although all of us as a biological species can trace our ancestry to the same woman, we have nonetheless isolated ourselves into different factions, cultures, nationalities and ethic groups. The question we face right now is not so much how we can relate ourselves through our clan mothers, but which of the many descendants of these clan mothers can out-compete and survive the others. The Chinese and the Japanese may care less if they know the obvious fact that both have derived from the woman Nuo ; the ruthless political and economic conflict of the two groups has obliterated their respect for a common ancestry. Of all the things the story of human evolution has taught us, the lesson of the Neanderthals stands out above the rest the reminder that extinction is a real threat, and that any faction that lags behind will be eradicated and replaced by another. If we do not remember the fact that nature is a brutal struggle, and that human evolution too is based on the cruel principle of competition and natural selection, we will become extinct. One day, much as Sykes had pondered over the Neanderthals, some alien race will hold our skulls and wonder why we have vanished.

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Carnival Cruise Case Study

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HISTORY

A man named Ted Arison had an idea of refurbishing an old ocean liner. American Travel Services Incorporated, under the direction of Mr. Arison, bought two ocean liners from Canadian Pacific Empress Lines for $6.5 million in 17. These two ships were named the Mardi Gras and the Carnivale. Unfortunately, the Mardi Gras was very slow and high maintenance. On its first voyage, it ran aground in Miami Harbor. Later, Mr. Arison and American Travel Services Incorporated bought another old liner from Union Castle Lines and named it the Festivale. From 17 to 174, Carnival began losing money. To attract new customers each liner began having planned activities, casinos, nightclubs, and discos. Finally, in 174, American Travel Services was ready to pull out of the joint venture. So, Ted Arison bought out ATSI for $1 cash. Unfortunately, he also acquired the $5 million debt that went along with it. As luck would have it, however, the following month after the buyout by Arison, the repaired Mardi Gras began showing a profit. For the remainder of the year, it operated at or above than 100-percent capacity.

Following this successful year, Mr. Arison along with his son, Micky Arison and Vice President of Sales Bob Dickinson, began to change the Carnival marketing strategy. Carnival's target market became first time and young travelers. Carnival prided themselves on having a "Family-Like" atmosphere to work in. They began an open door policy for communication, they began to promote from within (advancement strategy), and their prices were in moderation. They also began to offer vacation packages. Some vacation packages even included passages to exotic Caribbean ports. Carnival was the first cruise operator to use multimedia advertising promotions. This cruise line eventually became known as the "Fun Ship".

In 1 to 15 there were two additions to the cruise line, the Imagination and the Ryndam. Unfortunately, Carnival was never able to successfully run a Spanish market. Nevertheless, Carnival Corporation is expanding internally and externally generated by growth and acquisitions. The company now owns 44 percent of the cruise market. Carnival Conquest, the largest of the "Fun Ships", was launched from New Orleans on Dec. 1, 00. In 00, Carnival Glory a "Conquest-class" ship will begin year-round cruises from Port Canaveral, Florida. In 004, Carnival Miracle and Carnival Valor will make their deput. In 005, Carnival will debut its fourth 110,000-ton "Conquest-class" vessel. By the year 006 they plan on adding 17 more ships. "Today's Carnival" is a vastly different company than the one started from humble beginnings three decades ago. The following is a list of over 1 different cruise brands that they have

Carnival Cruise Line (18ships)

Princess Cruises (10ships)

Holland America Line (11ships)

Costa Cruises (8ships)

P&O Cruises (4ships)

Cunard Line (ships)

Windstar Cruises (ships)

Seabourn Cruise line (ships)

Ocean Village (1ship)

Swan Hellenic (1ship)

AIDA (ships)

A'ROSA (1ship)

P&O Cruises Australia (1ship)

MISSION STATEMENT

As stated on their website, Carnivals mission is to deliver exceptional vacation experiences through the worlds best-known cruise brands that cater to a variety of different lifestyles and budgets, all at an outstanding value unrivaled on land or at sea.

COMPETITORS

Carnival Corporation is the #1 cruise operator, catering to more than million passengers each year. Its top three competitors are NLC, Royal Caribbean Cruises, and Royal Olympic. Other less threatening competitors include Disney Cruise Lines, Star Cruises and Club Mditerrane.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

1. Carnival is known for Carnival Destiny, the largest cruise ship in the world. The square tonnage is 101,5, which is over 0,000 more than any other ship in Carnival's fleet. It can hold up to ,64 passengers with double occupancy.

. The Fun Oriented Philosophy is there to keep everyone involved. There are various activities to keep young and old alike entertained. The ship has been designed to cater to everyone's interests.

. Not everyone wants to dress up to go to dinner on a cruise. The non-formal dress setting keeps the atmosphere light and happy. People do not feel the need to be embarrassed, and Carnival has gotten great response to it.

4. By the year 006, the company plans on allowing 17 more ships to make there debut.

5. Who wants to be on a cruise and sit in their room all day? Carnival ships are fully equipped to handle the entertainment of all the passengers. With casinos, shopping centers, weight and exercise rooms, activities, bars, lounges, ballrooms, etc. there is more than one way to tickle your fancy.

6. The advertising team for Carnival is doing its job well for it leads it competitors in advertising and promotion. The Carnival Cruise Line is a common name because of such advertising and promotion efforts.

7. The company has more cruise lines and travels to more destinations than any other cruise line.

8. Carnival is a very affordable cruise line.

WEAKNESSES

1. Carnival has not fully tapped into the market.

. The cruise line is only discounted during the off season. This discourages people to use Carnival during the busy season because they can not get a reduced rate.

. The fact that Carnival is usually at a 100% capacity isnt always good news. There is always the risk of overcrowding or overbooking. If this should happen, Carnival may need to refund money because of unhappy customers.

4. There are only so many ports that Carnival can go to and there are none that other cruises have not traveled to. The ships all have a specific route that they follow, and some people do not want that specific route. They want to be able to hit several different ports that may not be offered by one cruise. Unfortunately, port choice is limited.

OPPORTUNITIES

1. Most people want to get away for awhile. They want a unique vacation that they will remember forever. Instead of having the hassle of trying to drive across the country to spend a couple of days somewhere, they can take a week off and not have to worry about anything. Carnival takes care of all their travel worries including airfare, hotel, food, and entertainment accommodations. For the accommodations that Carnival cant provide, a partnership can be formed with complimentary companies.

. The pricing of the Carnival Cruise Line is very moderate compared to other Cruises. It ranges from $75 to $100 a day, where the competitors range from $75 to over $1000 a day! Because of this difference, Carnival has the room to slightly raise prices in exchange for more services.

. It is truly a company that can take care of all of a traveler's needs. Carnival Corporation owns five cruises, a chain of hotels, an airline, and a bus line. Travelers can be flown from where they live, have a bus deliver them to the cruise, and be able stay in a hotel all through Carnival. But there are still markets that can be penetrated by the company. Car rental is any example. Even non-related markets are good ideas.

4. Ever since the popularity of the movie Titanic, people have gone wild wanting to take a Trans-Atlantic Cruise. If Carnival can cash in on this, they could make a good profit and provide more port options.

5. The idea behind Carnival is the Fun Ship philosophy. They want people of all ages to enjoy their cruise. They have everything from Nautilus workout rooms, to indoor and outdoor pools, casinos, shopping centers, exciting ports of call, etc. From the youngest child to the oldest person, there is something for everyone on Carnival Cruise Lines. If marketing these facts to the percent of people who do not travel on Cruise ships does not work, Carnival has the ability to survey this untapped market though business deals with various statistical companies. This way, they can find out what they want from a cruise vacation and provide it for them.

6. Carnival can add more ships to shadow certain routes to prevent overcrowding or overbooking of overly popular cruise lines.

THREATS

1. There are various competitors in the market of cruise lines. With so many to choose from, it is not always easy to be able to decide what is best for the dollar.

. There are so many other vacation spots that require less planning. For example people could go to the beach, take a bus tour across the country, go to Disney World, etc. People usually regard cruises for the rich, or for those people who do not want to take the time to plan their vacation out.

. There is only a limited target audience that Carnival can reach due to its cost. For $75 a day and higher, there is only a certain portion of the population that would consider a cruise.

4. When serious mishaps occur, it could spell disaster for a cruise line. It has yet to be determined the extent the fire aboard Ecstasy has had on business.

CENTRAL ISSUES AFFECTING CARNIVAL

There are a few issues that are greatly affecting the growth potential of Carnival Corporation. Carnival needs to find ways to reach more of the North American population that has never had the cruise experience. The over 0% of the population that has never taken a cruise is too large to be ignored. Also, the number of port options is too limited. More cruise ship routes need to be planed and/or created. Finally, there are too many other markets outside of cruise vacations. The company is missing out on a large amount of revenue and growth potential by not venturing out into these markets.

CENTRAL RECOMENDATION

Carnival Corporation should try to tap into the 0% of people who do not take cruise vacations. The company can afford to explore external opportunities aggressively. This means forward, backward and horizontal integration strategies are all possibilities. With Carnival being so strong in the market, they can afford the minor risk of aggressive tactics such as buying out competitors.

IMPLEMENTATION

Financial Accountability

Who is responsible?

How much will it cost?

How will you pay for it?

When will you implement this strategy?

How will competitors react?

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Afra Benn

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This essay will compare and contrast the way in which one male and one female writer of Restoration comedy represents the theme of marriage for love within their plays. The essay will be structured as follows - the plays and their writers will be introduced with some extra background information; the theme will be discussed and analysed and finally there will be a conclusion provided. At the very end of the essay will be a reference and bibliography provided.

The Restoration period began around 1660 with the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II. During this period, the first actresses started to appear on the English stage and the theatres themselves had developed and were different to those which Shakespeare and Jonson would have been familiar with. There was a greater use also of modern theatre techniques, which involved the movement, and use of scenery.

The two plays and playwrights, which are going to be examined in this essay, are Aphra Benns The Rover and Sir George Etherages The Mad of Mode. First some brief background about the two playwrights. Very little is definitely known about Aphra Benn (c. 1640-8) and her life, although it is known she was a spy for Charles II in Antwarp, but ended up in debtors prison shortly after she returned home in 1667. She became a professional writer shortly afterwards with The Rover being first performed in 1677 and presented as if written by a man.

Sir George Etherage (165-161) was one of the earliest of the writers to practise the style of comedy of manners, although he only actually wrote three plays. Etherage is reported to have been so vain that some of his contemporaries have compared him to the character of Sir Fopling Flutter in The Man of Mode. Certainly, in the later part of his life, he seemed to live a similar life to the one that he created for his characters in the play. Etherage earned 6 pounds a year from property he owned in Kent, which is partly why writing was not a profession to him. The Man of Mode became a great success in 1675. Etherage was knighted in 167 and married a rich widow.

Of the two plays examined here, The Man of Mode is the older of the two, being first performed on 11th March 1676, while The Rovers first recorded performance was just over a year later 4th March 1677.

It is widely known that Aphra Benn was against forced marriage, which was still a custom in the late 17th century. In her book about women playwrights Nancy Cotton writes of Aphra Benn and her feelings towards marriage as follows

The serious tone of these complaints [referring to plays], made in what is essentially a farcical comedy, shows the earnestness of Behns feeling that love should be the basis for marriage. New Comedy in general depicts the witty stratagems of young lovers who outwit their elders and thus escape unwanted arranged marriages. Behn goes beyond this to attack the arranged marriages as an institution.

Although these comments were directed, more at Behns play The Lucky Chance, they are still very relevant to the plot and circumstances in The Rover. Arranged marriages were a way for men to gain status and wealth. In act, one of The Rover Don Pedro tells, his sister, Florinda

I have a command from my father have to tell you you ought not to sepise him, a man of so vast a fortune, and such a passion for you.

It is, this approach which appears throughout The Rover. The power which men, and in particular fathers have over their daughters, can be seen in the opening scene where Florinda and Hellenas father has already decided upon their destinies. Florinda is to marry Don Antonio, the Viceroys son, while Hellena is to enter the convent.

It is very clear that Florinda does not like the idea of marrying Don Antonio and neither does she love him. In Act one, Scene one Florinda tells Don Pedro, a noble Spaniard and a friend of Don Antonio, that she hates him (Don Antonio)

I have Vincentro, Sir, and I would not have a man so dear to me as my brother [Don Pedro] follow the ill customs of our country and make a slave of his sister.

Within the course of the conversation, Florinda admits that she likes Belville, an English Colonel who is in love with her. Don Pedro also admits that Don Antonio is not as young or attractive as Belville, but looks merely at the wealth, which he processes

Yes, pay him what you will in honour, but you must consider Don Vincentios fortune, and the jointure hell make you.

This is proof that it was about wealth and status and was about politics in the family rather than love and those involved in the marriage. Helena spends a great deal of the rest of the first scene arguing with Don Pedro and defending Florinda against having to marry Don Antonio. Later in the play Angellica Bianca is introduced to reinforce this idea of Aphra Benn and speak out against forced marriage. Angellica Bianca, a famous courtesan, believes that there is no such thing as love the current society, but sees love as a form of business for her

…I have had no time for love; the bravest and noblest of mankind have purchased my favours at so dear a rate…

According to some, Benn through the character of Angelica suggests that as a prostitute she temporarily marries the man for a price, which is just the same as what happens in an arranged marriage, except the woman does not see any of the money. Therefore, Behn continues her argument by using Angelica as a weapon in her thematic attack on mercenary marriage

Pray tell me sir, are not you guilty of the same mercenary crime? When a lady is proposed to you for a wife, you never ask how fair, discreet, or virtuous she is, but whats her fortune which, if but small, you cry She will not do my business, and basely leave her, though she languish for you. Say, is not this as poor?

The end of the play is a happy one. for Florinda gets to marry Belville instead of Don Antonio even if she has to run off with him first, while it looks as if her sister is going to marry Willmore, the rover of the play.

There are a large number of similarities to be found relating to the theme of marriage for love between The Rover and The Man of Mode. There is the happy ending which appears in both of the plays where the constant lovers eventually get married, despite some hostility from one or another of their family so that they can live happily ever after. In The Rover and The Man of Mode it looks like the central characters are not going to be able to marry and live happily ever after, circumstance change to allow them to.

In The Man of Mode, Young Bellair is in love with Emilia, but his father wants him to marry Harriet Woodvill. Old Bellair, Young Bellairs father and Lady Woodvill, Harriets mother end up scheming together to get the two together because they were both interested in other people. Similarly in The Rover there are parents who are against their children marrying other suitors than those which they have already selected for them. With the use of masks and other disguises or simply running they are able to persuade the parents to approve of the ones they are in love with.

In both plays the use of masks is made, a technique, which was common during restoration theatre. The uses of masks with in the plays allow the characters to outwit authority and make sure that there is loyalty in their opposites. Both of the plays have very similar plots to each other and the rivalry created between the men and women characters, particularly in respect to the relationships.

Just as in The Man of Mode, where Harriet Woodvill is given the three requisite attributes for a Restoration heroine (lovely, witty and rich) and is pursued by Dorimant so is Hellina pursued by Willmore in The Rover. Other similarities in the two plays include creating jealousy for effect.

It would appear that there are more comparisons, which can be made about marriage for love in The Rover and The Man of Mode than contrasts. One of the first differences, which can be seen in the two plays, is the idea that the men should have mistresses. In The Man of Mode, Dorimant feels that a man should have a mistress and this is socially excepted, even when they are married, compared to The Rover where it is more openly frowned upon.

Although at the end of The Rover Willmore and Hellena agree to get married we have already seen that Willmore does not truly love his women, but uses them only for his own pleasure. This can be illustrated where he sees two different women on the same day. It would appear that Willmore is marrying Hellena, more because it is the only way that he get what he wants - consummation. In Act 5, Scene 1 he says

Marriage is as bane to love as lending money is to friendship

Clear evidence that there is no real love in this relationship, when compared to some of the other ones in the two plays. It is more likely for instance that Dorimants and Harriets relationship (in The Man of Mode) will be more successful because it is, meant to be, based on real love. In Act 5, Scene Dorimant sums up his feelings for Harriet, indicating perhaps that he is not going to go off, but will be come a one woman man and that he really is in love, by saying

I have always my arms open to receive the distressed. But I will open my heart and receive you where not yet did ever enter. You have filled it with a secret, might I but let you know it.

The original question of this essay was to compare and contrast the two plays and playwrights. It is possible to say that both plays are very similar in the way they develop the theme of love and marriage. In the end it is this romantic image of marriage and love which is used and not people being forced into a marriage they do not want. Although this is not necessary the only view which is presented to the audience. It is possible to see some of the bias and character of the playwright in the plays. In one of the sources used for this play there is a very good summary, which generally sums up the answer to this question

Within the complex plot of The Rover is the underlying argument against forced marriage. The play shows a general opposition to forced marriage by exposing the abuse of male authority, portraying marriage as a business deal, and using the female characters to directly argue against the ill custom. The complexity of the plot itself, and the role of deception, is the final, subtle argument against forced marriage. Aphra Benn cleverly fuses these elements together to show that living happily ever after in a world dominated by men was not easily possible. The unfavourable customs could only be overcome by extra effort, some strategy, and a bit of chance.

Even in The Man of Mode, this is true, despite the difference stance which was taken on it. In summary then it is clear that there are a number of comparisons and contrasts to be made between the two playwrights and their plays in relation to the theme of marriage for love.

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Book ReviewBirdsong and All Quiet on the Western Front

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"Birdsong" by Sebastian Faulks and "All Quiet on the Western Front" by Erich Maria Remarque, are two books set during World War I. They each illustrate the traumas and horrors of war during that period of time. These two novels demonstrate how the burden of war irrevocably altered the lives of the characters.

The plot of "Bird Song" is complex. It is written in the third person and is set in France, during the early nineteen hundreds. The book describes a love affair between the main character Stephen Wraysford, an overseas textiles correspondent and Isabelle Azaire, the wife of a factory owner. They decide to elope together and Isabelle becomes pregnant with Stephen's child. However, Isabelle becomes afraid that Stephen will not accept their child and decides to return home without revealing her pregnancy to him.

Several years after Isabelle's sudden departure, Stephen is a member of the British Army which is stationed in France. During his time in France, he unexpectedly meets Isabelle and her sister Jeanne. To his disappointment, he discovers that Isabelle had fallen in love with a Prussian officer. However, meetings between Jeanne and Stephen become more frequent and they too fall in love. Sadly, Isabelle dies from an infection and sends her child, Francoise, to live with Jeanne. Stephen then realises that this child was the result of his affair with Isabelle.

"All quiet on the western front" is set in Germany also during the First World War, but is written in the first person. The narrator is Paul Bäumer, a nineteen year old school boy. The book is about a group of young German soldiers who are convinced to enlist with the German Army by their school master, and how their lives are affected by participating in the war. These patriotic school boys entered the army with enthusiasm and the longing for adventure. He and his friends become separated by death. Gradually, one friend dies after another till only he himself is left. This book is an account of his life during the war.

Both books highlight the extreme stresses that war imposes on its participants willing or otherwise. Each novel describes the pain and anger of each individual, when they either have to become savages in order to fight and save themselves or they witness the painful death of their comrades. In "all quiet on the western front" Bäumer and his companions witnessed a friend of theirs dying while fighting furiously for their own lives in a trench; "Leer groans and props himself on his arms, but he bleeds to death very quickly and no one can help him." This suggests that the situation was helpless. No one could prevent Leers sudden death but they had to prevent their own.

The books reveal the truth about war and how it affected those involved. The soldiers soon realized that the opportunities given to them in their youth, such as decent education and polite mannerisms, were no longer useful to them; "The differences brought about by education and upbringing have been almost completely blurred and are now barely recognizable." Such matters are not even considered helpful when fighting as one hardly needs general knowledge to fight. In addition, the soldiers have very little to survive on. They are constantly short of provisions and they are forced to hide out in lice infested dug outs. Although many entered the army with enthusiasm, they soon found it difficult to maintain those feelings of hope and patriotism. Those that did not last were mainly young recruits who were inexperienced and naïve. The few that did survive wished continuously for death to come, in hope that it would end their meaningless lives, full of fear.

The humour exposed in "all quiet on the western front" does not turn you away from the reality of war; it merely gives you the implication that the soldiers occasionally enjoyed themselves, and had to laugh even if their death was near in order to keep themselves sane, "Other men make jokes as well, uncomfortable jokes, but what else can we do? Obviously the coffins are really for us, of course. Arrangements are always efficient where that sort of thing is concerned."

Both novels revealed many horrific details of the battle scenes, I never imagined that a man could be injured in so many different places and with many different types of weapons, "…those who have been blinded, hit in the lungs or in the pelvis, in one of the joints, in the kidneys, in the testicles or in the stomach…" It's pitiful to see countless numbers of men suffer or die from the injuries their enemies caused them; these types of actions imply a strong sense of wasted lives. Many of them did not even die in honour, they died from infections, or trench mortar shells; but only a small percentage died with pride, involved in the action, fighting on "no man's land."

Both books were interesting to read due to the many implications of war. The battle scenes were detailed yet realistic, and all the way through the books, friendship was their main priority. According to Bäumer, it was the voice of his companions that provided him with hope and dedication; "Suddenly a surprising warmth comes over me. Those voices mean more than my life, more than mothering and fear, they are the strongest and most protective thing that there is they are the voices of my pals."

I enjoyed reading the account of Paul Bäumer because he often explained what he felt inside and how he felt about life in a very philosophical way. He wouldn't go straight to the point because often there was not a very definite answer to all his queries about life and death; instead he explored his deep feelings to find out for himself what was going on inside and all around him. The characters were interesting and all very unique in their own ways; all of them had a different view on each topic and were not afraid to express themselves. Most of the time, they each debate about general knowledge and put forward their opinions. It was interesting how the author gradually killed all the school boys one by one including Bäumer because it showed the reality of the situation.

This book is distinctive as it is written in the point of view of a German soldier. It shows that they too feel the depression of the war as the English do. There are two armies involved, one is English and the other German, yet both sides feel exactly the same. They fear death and dread life. In "Birdsong" the English portray the Germans to be cold blooded killers with generous supplies of food and weapons, contrarily the German's portray the English to have all the privileges.

The author of "all quiet on the western front" includes you in the characters' emotions and involves you with the commotion of war. By using descriptive language he produces detailed writing which forces you to experience all the characters are going through. His sentences are not abrupt or decisive; he explains carefully the process behind the character's thinking. By inserting all this detail into emotions, it makes the whole story more realistic and enjoyable to read. "It's as if we were once coins form various countries; we've been melted down, and now we have all been restruck so that we are all the same." In this quotation, Bäumer is describing how the feelings of the men are mutual, every one feels the same. The author composed this sentimental thought from Bäumer by using original comparisons; He compared the soldiers to various coins stuck together to produce one dominant coin, in which all men feel the same emotions.

The novel ended with the death of Bäumer, had it not been sudden it would have been more believable. As the rest of the account was told at a steady pace, the narrator delivered the news of Bäumer's death abruptly. I would have preferred Bäumer to end the book with his overall views on the war; his feelings on the result of the war remain hidden, it would never be revealed what he thought at that time when the First World War ended.

"Birdsong" was enjoyable to read due to its interesting and complicated plot. The author constantly brought in subtle clues and facts about the characters that begin to connect as you read on.

Towards the end of the book, Francoise reveals to her own daughter her past which involved Stephen, Isabelle and Jeanne. The novel would have significant gaps in the story had Francoise not told her daughter about her disruptive past. Francoise ended the book adequately as she tied all the loose ends of the story together, producing a final plot that flowed satisfactorily.

The author delivers a well written and thoughtful plot, as the complexity of the story provokes an exciting reaction. I would have preferred the book to contain more about what the characters felt at a particular moment in time; the author spent the majority of the time describing the finer details of the plot, rarely did the characters relate to their emotions. Despite this, the characters occasionally have no need to explain what they are feeling as it is all very obvious at times; it also appears to be more effective if the author uses a minimal amount of words possible to keep the book simple and easy to read, as this quotation demonstrates. Stephen visits Isabelle for the final time; "He stood up and left the room without speaking…She covered her face with her hands." It is unnecessary for the author to explore how Isabelle presently feels as it is obvious and will spoil the effect it has on the reader. Stephen's two years silence after the war suggests that what he had witnessed over the past four years was unimaginable; and thus stunned him into silence until he had recovered from the affect. Unlike the ending in "all quiet on the western front", this gives a slight insight to the views of war.

The ending to"Birdsong" was effective as it implied an end to the saga involving Stephen, Isabelle, Jeanne and Francoise and formed the start to a new era in which the daughter of Francoise gives birth.

These books will appeal to any one who is interested in the details of war, life during the war, and the impact it had on innocent people afterwards. Both novels are written very well and they are easy to follow. The complex plot of "Birdsong" made you want to read on constantly, yet the simple plot of "all quiet on the western front" was interesting because it displayed personal emotions and views of the war. Both books give an insight into the tragedies of war.

Please note that this sample paper on Book ReviewBirdsong and All Quiet on the Western Front is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Book ReviewBirdsong and All Quiet on the Western Front, we are here to assist you. Your college paper on Book ReviewBirdsong and All Quiet on the Western Front will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!