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WAP(Wireless Application Protocol)
Background
In 15 Ericsson initiated a project which purpose was to develop a general protocol, or rather a concept, for value added services on mobile networks. Theprotocol was named Intelligent Terminal Transfer Protocol (ITTP), and handles the communication between a service node where the service application is implemented and an intelligent mobile telephone. The ambition was to make ITTP a standard for value added services in mobile networks.During 16 and 17 Unwired Planet, Nokia, and others, launched additional concepts in the area of value added services on mobile networks. Unwired Planet presented Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) and Handheld Device Transport Protocol (HDTP). Just as HyperText Markup Language (HTML) used on the WWW, HDML is used for describing content and user interface, but optimised for wireless Internet access from handheld devices with small displays and limited input facilities. In March 17 Nokia officially presented the Smart Messaging concept, an Internet access service technology specially designed for handheld GSM devices. The communication between the mobile user and the server containing Internet information uses Short Message Service (SMS) and a markup language called Tagged Text Markup Language (TTML). Just like HDML, this language is adapted for wireless communication, i.e. narrowband connections.With a multitude of concepts there was a substantial risk that the market could become fragmented, a evelopment that neither of the involved companies would benefit from. Therefore, the companies agreed upon bringing forth a joint solution. WAP was born...
WAP Forum
On June 6 17 Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet took the initiative to start a rapid creation of a standard for making advanced services within the wireless domain a reality. In December 17 WAP Forum was formally created, and after the release of the WAP 1.0 specifications in April 18, WAP Forum membership was opened to all. Today (February 1) over companies are members of WAP Forum. Among these companies many of the world¡¦s leading terminal and infrastructure manufacturers, software companies, operators, and service providers are found. The handset manufacturers in WAP
Forum represent over 0% of the world market across all technologies, and the network operators are representing about 100 million subscribers.
The main objectives of the WAP Forum are
„ Independent of wireless network standard
„ Open to all
„ Will be proposed to the appropriate standards bodies
„ Applications scale across transport options (GSM, IS-5, IS-16, PDC,CDMA etc)
„ Applications scale across device types (mobile phones, PDAs, etc)
„ Extensible over time to new networks and transports (e.g. G systems)he WAP Model
WAP do also make use of the Internet paradigm to provide a flexible service platform. In order to accommodate wireless access to the information space offered by the WWW, WAP is based on well-known Internet technology that has been optimized to meet the constraints of a wireless environment. Services created using HTML would not fit very well on small handheld devices since they are intended for use on desktop computers with big screens. Low bandwidth wireless bearers would neither be suitable for delivering the rather extensive information that HTML pages often consist of. Therefore a markup language adapted to these constraints has been developed - the Wireless Markup Language (WML).WML offers a navigation model designed for devices with small displays and limited input facilities (no mouse and limited keyboard). In order to save valuable bandwidth in the wireless network, WML can be encoded into a compact binary format. Encoding WML is one of the tasks performed by the WAP Gateway/Proxy, which is the entity that connects the wireless domain with the Internet. WAP do also provide a means for supporting more advanced tasks, comparable to those solved by using for example JavaScript in HTML. The solution in WAP is called WML Script.
WAP Architecture
WAP is designed in a layered fashion in order to be extensible, flexible, and scalable. With the Open System Interconnection model (OSI model) in mind, the WAP-stack basically is divided into five layers. They are
Application Layer
Provides Wireless Application Environment (WAE) The various components of WAE
„ Addressing model
„ A syntax suitable for naming resources stored on servers
„ Wireless Markup Language (WML)
„ WMLScript
„ Wireless Telephony Application (WTA, WTAI)A framework and programming interface for telephony services
Session Layer
Provides Wireless Session Protocol (WSP).WSP is the interface between WAE and the rest of the protocol stack The two main stack configurations (connection and connectionless mode) are named after the session services offered by WSP. The connectionless session service is basically a thin layer that WAE can use when there is no need for reliable delivery of messages.The main functionality of the connection mode of WSP is to set up a session between a client and the WAP Gateway/Proxy. This session handles capability negotiation at session establishment and also communication interrupts such as change of bearer. It is assumed to be long-lived and can be suspended, and later resumed, instead of disconnected if no communication will be needed for a time. This means that no new capability negotiation is needed when the session is resumed, which lessens the traffic load. Support for asynchronous handling of requests implies that, if several data requests have been sent, the answers may be delivered in a different order
Transaction Layer
Has Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) WTP is responsible for control of transmitted and received messages. It provides a reliable communication where messages are uniquely identified so as not to be accepted twice and may be retransmitted to the peer if lost in transmission. There is no connection between communications as every communication sequence is only alive during the exchange of an individual message set
Security Layer
Provides Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)to provide transport layer security between a WAP client and the WAP Gateway/Proxy.
Key features include
„ nIntegrity through the use of Message Authentication Codes (MAC)
„ Confidentiality through the use of encryption
„ Authentication and non repudiation of server and client, using digital certificates
These features make it possible to certify that the sent data have not been
manipulated by a third party, that privacy is guaranteed, that an author of a message can be identified, and that both parties can not falsely deny having sent their messages. A secure connection is set up with an establishment phase where negotiation such as parameter settings, key exchange and authentication is performed. Both parties can abort the secure connection during establishment or at any time later.
Transport Layer
Provides Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
The base of the WAP protocol stack is a datagram layer, WDP, offering a consistent interface to the upper layers of the stack.If WAP is used over a bearer supporting User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the WDP layer is not needed. On other bearers, such as GSM SMS, the datagram functionality is provided by WDP. This means that whether WAP uses UDP or WDP, it is given a datagram service, which hide the characteristics of different bearers and provides port number functionality.
During recent years, both the Internet and wireless voice communication have undergone wide and rapid acceptance. The unification of these two technologies, the wireless Internet, has however not enjoyed the same development even though the Internet provides a means for rapid service development, short time-to-market, ease-of-use, and convenient manageability.
Issues in the network addressed by WAP
„ Low Bandwidth
„ High Latency
„ Less Connection Stability/Unpredictable Bearer Availability
„ Limited Memory and CPU of device
„ Limited Battery Power of device
Benefits Of WAP Network
To Subscribers
„ nPortability
„ nEasy to use
„ nThe possibility of having personalized, fast, convenient services
To Operators
„ nAddress new market segments of mobile users
„ nDeploy telephony services are easy to create, update, and personalise
„ nUse the flexibility of WAP as a tool to differentiate from competitors
„ nIncreased revenues per user due to higher network utilization
To Service Providers
„ Create a service once, make it accessible on a range of networks
„ Address new market segments by launching innovative mobile VAS.
„ and keep old customers by adapting existing Internet services to WAP
„ Keep old customers by adapting existing Internet services to WAP
To Manufacturers
„ WAP scales across a broad range of mobile networks, meaning that WAP implementations can be used in devices supporting different types of networks
„ The expected wide adoption of WAP implies that economies of scales
can be achieved, meaning that the huge mass-market can be addressed.
Examples of WAP services are
„ nBanking
Account statements, paying bills, transfer money between accounts...
„ nFinance
Stock quotes, buy and sell stocks, interest rates, exchange rates...
„ Shopping
Buy everyday commodities, books, records...
„ nGames/Contests
SMS contests, horse-race betting, poker...
„ nTicketing
Book and/or buy air tickets, cinema tickets, concert tickets...
„ nWeather
Weather forecasts, weather on other locations...
„ nCall management
Allow the user to choose how an incoming call should be handled.
Options could be answer, reject, forward to assistant, forward to voice
Voice mail, Unified Messaging.
Handle e-mail, faxes, voice mails, etc in a unified manner
Enhanced support of legacy SMS services
Allows seamless migration from existing text based services into WAP
Attractive interface to DTMF services
Increase usage of existing DTMF services by providing a better user interface
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