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The twilight of civilization wouldn't have continued shining if there were not knights who, with their pivotal ideas, empowered human beings in each era to comprehend and deal with the challenges faced by all mankind. The knights who fight the forefront of these battles are philosophers with the ability to see the not so visible issues that wrestle people's mind, and logically respond to them. Even though they share a common category that encloses them all, philosopher's objectivities differ, as there are different issues that are needed to be addressed. As it is the subject of this paper, I will try to come up with a set of criteria, as a common ground, that can be used to judge different philosophers and finally, choose the best seven who fits this set of opinionated standards.
Among the greatest of all the qualities that a philosopher might have is the burning desire to passionately, like Buddha, pursue the truth. There are numerous other facts regarding the strenuous task of a philosopher. One might begin with the number of people to whom the philosopher's endeavor has been effective and for how long. If the endeavor has been transparent through the ages, like Plato' effort, or has faded away after a short period of time. Another one is to see if the work of one philosopher has had the capabilities to get manifested in the works of later philosophers. One other important issue is to check if one man's job has had the potential strength to improve the condition of lives or the ordinary beliefs of the masses. Finally, the last one that I would like to list in these criteria is the degree in which one philosopher is responsible for individual's self-respect.
With respect to chronology, we begin with the Buddha, Siddharta Gautama, who was born six centuries before current era and reached enlightenment through his honest quest for fulfillment. His absolute withdrawal from the materialistic world started initially by joining an extreme group of ascetics, who failed to bring him enlightenment, and eventually led him to the principle of the Middle Way. Upon achieving enlightenment, he brought his followers the Four Noble Truth the status of Buddha through the Eightfold path. Gautama's life leaves no doubt why Buddha should be considered one of the greatest of all philosophers. His departure from the point that he recognized life as a place of suffering and his immediate and passionate effort to find a meaning for life is a clear example of his true intentions. His attitude in life that "regardless of how far individuals had fallen or been rejected by society, they received from the Buddha a respect that stemmed from the simple fact that they were fellow human beings" was the source for self-respect among his followers (Smith 8). His legendary image has remained for centuries as guidance for numerous people all around the world as an indication that through his teachings, achieving enlightenment is possible and therefore changed the life style and beliefs of his followers. Also, his teachings have provided a foundation for later eastern philosophers.
Continuing with our time-wise manner, next comes Plato. The son of wealthy and influential Athenian parents, Plato began his philosophical career as a student of Socrates. Plato tried both to pass on the heritage of a Socratic style of thinking and to guide their progress through mathematical learning to the achievement of abstract philosophical truth (Kemerling). The type of dialog that was first initiated by Socrates was enhanced through the teachings and literacy works of Plato. His work not only caused a revolution in analysing philosophical topics but created the foundation for sceintific researches that eventually changed the world as was once known. Almost all analytical works have found their basis in the works pursuaded and enhanced by Plato in all four corners of the world. His literacy work, The Republic, is an excellent example of his idea regarding an ideal society, or individual, in which justice, wisdom, and virtue have all been debated. It was the nobility of his ideas, and the uniqueness of his style in approaching problems that has made all knowledgeable human beings to appreciate and benefit from his truth-loving effort.
In the fourth century, Augustine's journey to find the roots of the nature of evil, had him, finally, convert from Manichean to Christianity. He devoted himself to Christianity, followed the footsteps of Plato, and have those teachings applied to his newly adopted religion. He was named the Christian bishop of Hippo and devoted the rest of his life to the formation of an ascetic religion community. "Perhaps Augustine's greatest single contribution to western philosophy (and not only to Christian thinking) was his emphasis on one's personal, inner life" which was the foundation of another group of philosopher, in recent history, who called themselves Romantic (Solomon 1). Among his works, one is proving the existence of God by referencing the abstract philosophy of Plato. His sincere effort added Christianity, which was already a growing religion, with a logical structure that brought impregnability to Christianity. His frank devotion expanded the framework of Christianity, which is the core belief of a great percentage of people. Augustine's view of human beings in relation to God and the means, through which people can be happy, is the source of self-respect for those who follow his teachings.
Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, and Sartre are the other philosophers who should be considered as the most important of all the philosophers. One thing that all four have in common is the fact that all of them are relatively current philosophers, and they all responded to the condition of modern man. They agree that the modern man is destined to endure the waves of shocking changes in the past two centuries, which is not like any other time in the history of human being.
Karl Marx was born in Prussia, where he was under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach and other radical Hegelians. Although he shared Hegel's belief in dialectical structure and historical inevitability, Marx held that the foundations of reality lay in the material base of economics rather than in the abstract thought of idealistic philosophy. In his literacy work, Communist Manifesto, he describes " the class struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie, distinguishes communism from other socialist movements, and proposes a list of specific social reforms, and urges all workers to unite in revolution against existing regimes" (Kemerling). Marx had felt the social changes that was the direct result of industrialization. He believed that alienation of workers from their labor not only eliminates their rights but also causes for a loss of identity. To this danger, in his mind, he responded and as history has witnessed, it was emraced by millions. His idea, in an abstract level, was to create utopia in which there are no classes. The master and slave relationship that undermines one's value will be eradicated and everybody will gain an equal share, which at the end, will help to boast self-respect for all people of a society. Needless to say that replacing the concept of God by materialistic ideas was not an easy thing, he achieved it.
Jean-Paul Sartre was a philosopher who showed his clear ideas out of the rubble of the two world wars. He was under the influence of other philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, Marx, and Hidegger. His existentialist ideas found many fans during the time that human's lives' value had reached its lowest level. Sartre defined the boundaries of human's feedom and declared that we are solely responsible for our deeds within that boundary which provides us with the air for freewill. The fact that he, too, felt the pressure of living under terror and lack of definition for human beings, motivated him for his works and tried to reach general audience through different mediums to share with them his ideas and remedies for the man of this century.
Friedrich Nietzsche was born the son of a Lutheran pastor in Röcken. He was raised by female relatives after his fathers death in 184. He quickly abandoned his initial pursuit of theology in order to specialize in philolosophy at Bonn. He believed that "Reliance on abstract concepts in a quest for absolute truth, he supposed, is merely a symptom of the degenerate personalities of philosophers like Socates" (Kemerling). Darwin's idea of evolution got manifested into Nietzsche's fictional epic, Thus Spoke Zoroaster, in which he "offered up the incredible suggestion that human beings were nothing but a bridge between the ape, on one side, and the Ubermensch (superman) on the other"(Solomon ). Nietzsche, as an awakened conscious on top of the western philosophy, looked at the entire Europe with critical eyes and announced the deficiencies that are needed to get corrected if we want to give birth to some thing higher than ourselves, which he said is the only purpose in life. Unlike many others, he believed that we can truly live when we participate in the drama of life and that is true being. Besides his poetic and strikingly beautiful writing style, his ideas have found many devoted advocates who realized the value of his works and understood the depth of teachings that he brings to humanity.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician and psychoanalyst who introduces philosophers to a new realm, the psyche. Freud offered a series of extended accounts of the mechanism of repression, by means of which the motives of human behavior are unrecognizably disguised even from their agents. He introduced a new concept with new terminology that suddenly affected all we thought we knew about ourselves (Solomon 54). Even though some people believe that freud can not be categorized as a philosopher but his influence on the field of philosophy is so serious that not considering him a philosopher is even a more difficult task. His interpretation of dreams and the things he discovered about different layers of our personality had such a great impact on humanity that its true dimentions yet to explored.
If we only know of the set of qualities a philosopher is required to have in order to be worth mentioning as a philosopher, then we can conclude that those who possess a greater degree of those qualities can be listed as the world's most important philosopher.
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