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Investigation to determine how the resistance of a wire is affected by changing its length and thickness.
Plan-
Circuit diagram of the apparatus, as it will be set out
How I will collect my results
1. Firstly I will collect and assemble apparatus as shown above.
. I will then position the length and thickness of wire that I have planned to do into the circuit, at the precise points along the wire, I will record my results.
. I will repeat this process for different wire thicknesses.
4. I have planned to run a current of 0.1A through the circuit and record all the results and I will also run a current of 0.A through the circuit and record them as well.
Repeating measurements and anomalous results
I will repeat all of my readings twice although this will not show on my results tables. I will take one reading and then if the second reading is not within 0.volts of each other. If I get any anomalous results I will be able to tell this because they will not follow the pattern of the other results. I will not discard anomalous results and redo them until they are no longer anomalous instead I will simply make a note of which results are anomalous and why think this is so.
Equations
The equations I will use are
Resistance Resistance = resistance of wire x length(m)
Area of wire
Safety Precautions
To ensure the lowest risk to myself and others whilst conducting the experiment, I will have to take some precautions.
Ensure that the wire insulatuion is not cracked or damaged in any way.
Ensure that there is no moisture near the apparatus.
Ensure that there is not an excessive amount of electricity passing through the circuit, as this may cause the wire to melt and become a hazard.
Accuracy
To Ensure I am measuring the length as accurately as I can I will get the wire as close to the scale as possible.
With regards to the voltmeter and ammeter, the reading it gives can sometimes flicker between different readings. To stop this affecting my results, I will record the reading that is most prominent.
Measurements
I will accurately measure every 10cm along the wire by placing the wire flat against the metre rule the I will take a reading every 10cm. This is because every reading will be an equal space apart. I will take ten readings as this will make my results more accurate.
What will I change?
I will change the length of the wire by 10cm each time, starting at 10cm until it reaches 100cm. I will do this for all the following SWG value , 6, 0, 6, 8.
This is so that I have a wide range of results to compare and analyse.
Preliminary work
To decide what to keep the current at, I had to find out what current could be maintained with all thicknesses of wire. To do this I carried out a brief version of the experiment. The results that I found were that both 0.18A and 0.15A would be maintained with all wire thicknesses. This improved my plan because I now knew what current must be maintained during the experiment.
Fair testing
To make sure that this is a fair test I must keep certain factors the same.
The current must stay the same so that the speed at which the electricity is travelling does not change. I must also keep the temperature the same as this can greatly affect resistance. As the temperature increases so does the resistance, this is because the colder the temperature the less the atoms vibrate in the wires. When the temperature is warmer the atoms vibrate more and are more likely to collide with the electrons, so the speed is restricted. The variables in this experiment are the length of the wire and the cross sectional area (SWG). To make my results more accurate I did the experiment all over again, this time passing a different current through, then I took the average.
Prediction
Does the length of wire affect resistance?
I believe that as the length of the wire increases so will the resistance. This is because the electricity will lose energy the further it needs to travel.
Does the cross-sectional area affect resistance?
I think this does affect the resistance because the thinner the wire is, the faster it heats up and the heat causes more resistance as the particles vibrate more. Also, if the wire is thinner, there is less room for the electricity to flow through, so there will be more collisions between electrons and atoms, which will restrict movement, whereas with a thicker wire there is more room for the electricity to flow through. Therefore, I believe that the thinner the wire is, the more resistance there is.
Analysis-
In my plan I predicted that as the length of the wire increases, the resistance would also increase. The graph shows that if the length is doubled so does the resistance, so this means they are directly proportional.
The graph proves this is correct because it shows that as I double the length, the resistance is doubled, making a straight line on the graph.
Also in my prediction, I predicted that as the cross sectional area is increased, the resistance decreases. Further more if the area is doubled, the resistance is halved meaning that they are inversely proportional I proved this on my graph by comparing av. resistance against 1/cross sectional area because it would form a straight line and would be easier to analyse.
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