The joys of wasting space

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COVENTRY

Archeologists have uncovered major finds in Coventry City centre in recent times. What has been uncovered is the site of the Benedictine Cathedral and Priory of St Mary,

Originally founded in 104 AD, by Leofric Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva herself. The structure is vast. It measures some 45 feet long

1016 A nunnery dedicated to St Osburg was sacked by the Danes in 1016

104 The first sign of Godiva. Her husband, Leofric, Earl of Mercia, founded a Benedictine Monastery on the site of the sacked St Osburgs Nunnery.

1057 Leofric died

1067 Death of Godiva. nb there is much that surrounds Godiva that is not at all clear. Some say she lived to a great age. Other say that she was much younger than Leofric. These stories do not tie in at all with the dates for her and her husbands death.

1086 Domesday Book records 6 heads of families in Coventry. So it wasnt a very large place for Godiva to ride through then was it?

100-1100 Coventry castle built.

116 Coventry castle razed by King Stephen

1154 Henry II grants permission for an annual fair in Coventry

1066 The Norman Conquest of England

1068 William I (1066-1087) abolishes the earldom of Mercia after meeting no resistance in the area. Coventry placed under the Earls of Chester

1068 William I starts the (re-) building of Warwick Castle

1086 Coventry in the Domesday Book is little more than a village. Rugby is called Rocheberie

110 Kenilworth Castle started by Geoffrey de Clinton - the town begins to grow

11 The Austinian Priory founded in Kenilworth

11 William II (1087 -1100) creates the earldom of Warwickshire

11 First mention of the Chapel of St Michael, later formed part of Coventry Cathedral

1145 Coventry sides with Empress Matilda against King Stephen in a dynastic war. King Stephen (115 -1154) seizes Coventry Castle as a result

1150 Coombe Abbey started to be built on the edge of present day Coventry in the district of Smitham

117 Coventry sides with the Barons against Henry II (1154-118) in their revolt. Henry II cancels Coventrys privileges

1177 Henry II grants new privileges to Coventry

1180 Coventry Castle falls into serious disrepair and eventually into ruins, though traces of the castle remained until the 1500s

118 Further privileges granted to Coventry by Henry II

COVENTRY castle

Ask anybody in Coventry where the castle is and they are liable to give you a quizzical look. It is only relatively recently that the existence of a castle has been discovered or at least recognised.

Coventry castle was built in the 11th century by one Ranulf Meschines who was the earl of Chester. The castle was razed to the ground in the 1th Century and then rebuilt again.

After a lot of warring and fighting in the mid 1th Century the castle fell into disrepair. It has even been suggested that the crumbling hulk of the castle was used as a quarry for stone to built other town structures and the city wall.

Excavations by archeologists have found the defensive ditch to the castle. This is referred to as the Red Ditch. The castle ditch was up to 0 feet deep by a similar width.

Gosford Green and Far Gosford St

The road to Gosford Green - now far Gosford St - was a medieval route leading out of the city towards the East. As early as the 1th Century there were houses fronting the street.

Holy Trinity Church COVENTRY

Holy Trinity church - which together with St Michaels, and Christ Church spires makes up the three spires of the city of Coventry skyline - was built on the site of a former older church around the late part of the 1th or the early part of the 1th centuries. Note though that the North Porch contains stonework from the time of Leofric and Godiva which was possibly sourced from the earlier church.

When Holy Trinity was built (for the tenants of the Northern side of Coventry - The priory lands) the hill top on which is was built was dominated by the Benedictine friary that became the original ( first Cathedral ) of St Marys. St Michaels ( which became the second, and now ruined, cathedral) was built slightly later to serve the tenants of the Earls lands. This serves to explain why so many churches built so closely together.

Holy Trinity is the most original Medieval church in Coventry and, being some 7 metres (7 feet ) high to the top of the spire and 5 metres (14 feet) long, it is almost cathedral size.

The church has seen many changes in its life in fact It was nearly destroyed by fire in 157. So it has seen much redecoration over the years.

St George and COVENTRY

There is a tradition that the Patron Saint of England, Saint George, was borne in Coventry and was buried at nearby Caludon castle.

Early seals of the city show the elephant and castle on one side with a St George like figure on the other. The dragon slayer connection is also echoed by the use of the elephant itself. In medieval days, in the bestiary stories, the elephant had connections with dragon slaying also.

In their booklet on Far Gosford St (000) the City Council through their author state that...

Guy, Earl of Warwick, was sometimes said to have been one of St Georges three sons! Another old tradition claims that St George was born in Coventry - at Caludon Castle! ( He was actually born in Cappadocia in the third century)

It seems widely accepted that St George existed. That he lived in the rd Century and that he was probably martyred in Palestine. That seems to be about all that is known. What became Coventry may not have existed at that time throws doubt on the assumption that St George was from Coventry. As to him being the father of a medieval nobleman...

So much of History is myth and legend and cannot be proven. Perhaps a leap of faith is required.

St Michaels COVENTRY

In 1086 the city was granted to the Earls of Chester and Bishop de Lymesay became abbot of the priory. Under him the City became dived in two. The Priors Half and the Earls Half. At first the Priors half was more powerful and subsequently the church of Holy Trinity became the parish church for the Priors half. St Michaels was the parish church of the Earls half of the city and was used by his tenants These two churches are both in the Centre of the City not more than 50 yards apart and both sitting on the hilltop. This explains why there are two churches so close together. (The first Cathedral of St Marys was a monastery too and so did not survive the ravages of Henry VIIIs dissolution of the monasteries).

The overall is some 00 feet in height standing on a base of around 0 feet square. There is a stone staircase which you can use to climb to the top of the tower. A well worth while climb though breathtaking for reason of exercise too.

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In the end of 1990's people were spending on clothes but the average spending price per item decreased. Why?

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The 80's were dominated by juppies and endless consuming. Juppies were like grown up hippies with a professional view and approach to the world. They had money, endless buying power and sophisticated opinions. They were powerful and ambitious with liberal ideas they were products of a cultural shift in the society.

The economic capital was in its peek but what happened to the cultural capital? Mobility grew and people worked more in big cities. Women were working which left less people at home. Towns and villages lost some of their cultural capital since people who used to gather were now working and there was no time for leisure, friends and family. Businesses became more like communities and shopping became a medium of communication and expression. The economic capital was in its height. People were working longer hours and as one consequence, families were breaking up. Divorce rates sky rocketed. Cultural capital diminished. Trust on government faded, there was a general lack of faith. This urged people to shop and spend more.

The belief system weakened and they were no longer able to draw distinctions based on their cultural capital. Instead they consumed and started to believe in the brands which were offering them answers, making them feel a part of something and being important. Through the end of 80's and beginning 0's people were trying to buy status, sophistication. The more prestigious things you had, the more appreciated you would be socially. At least that was the belief. Juppies wanted to distinguish themselves from the others by consuming, trying to collect cultural capital with economic capital. This was the golden time for brands and branding. Brands offered you life answers in small packages, all purchasable with money. You were able to buy an image and as long as you believed it yourself, you were fine. Image was everything. Or was it?

In the beginning of the 0's this endless consumption started to slightly shift. Consumers started to feel empty because they realized that money doesn't buy everything. After achieving everything in the material world, it still doesn't guarantee happiness. At the same time, it was more difficult to distinguish yourself anymore because anyone could buy the brand. Therefore it was not special anymore. It was time to move on as cultural capital is vulnerable. (For example elite needs to move on as soon as normal folk are able to buy/act as they are. They are not special anymore. Also established people had the money. After everyone was able to get what they had, brands were not important anymore, they needed to move on. It did not bring status anymore.) Hence the shift towards experiences. People still consumed, but there had to be an experience behind it. From 80's image now there was a shift to brand experience. Brands started with flagship stores, cafes, hotels, restaurants etc. expanding what ever their product was, to a whole experience. This way giving the feeling that the consumption was not empty minded anymore, there was a thinking and logic behind it, an experience of the product.

Quality time became more important and owning many things didn't seem so important all of a sudden. People wanted to get more value for their time, to spend time with family, to feel important and understood. All this they wanted through meaningful experiences. However, to simply buy experiences also started to seem wrong and shallow. Realization that paying for self worth and appreciation do not accumulate cultural capital sank in, at the same time promoting compassion, humanity, kindness and gift-giving as acts of real contribution to a higher value of cultural and social capital. Also just plain experiences started to lose their worth.

Having exhausted themselves by consuming in the 80's and seeking endless experiences at the 0's, people started to again look for the bigger meaning. They had realized that a logo does not bring you happiness and status. A shop or restaurant experience does not make your life meaningful. Therefore, in the end of 0's the next logical step was to rethink the way they were buying. Value of time became more important. The message behind the brands started to raise questions. Non-profit organizations seemed to be a way to channel your money in a safe way since surely they must have had a good message. A trend from commercialism turned into non commercialism. Items with social values or messages started to be more important than logo's. The inside started to count more than outside. Before they were trying to buy self esteem and status. Now they might have still tried to buy it but in a more subtle way, bying their inner peace without flashing it out in their clothes. Investing in non profit companies and brands you knew that you were doing something good to the society/world and with that inner peace, the outside seemed more irrelevant. The cultural capital that was lost in the 80's, was now reinvented again.

Fashion really boomed as an industry in the 80's and 0's. For the first time there was money involved. Juppies saw this but by the end of 0's they had experienced that the economic capital (or even cultural capital) will never reach the level of paintings etc. At the same time the time period was the boom of the catwalks and in the beginning only available for elite. Later with mass production and copying and steeling designs, everything became available to everybody . It decreased the economical and cultural value. It wasn't possible to distinguish from each other anymore. From there the elite moved on luxury products like cashmere etc. which had the value that if you really knew the features of that fabric, you knew that it was expensive and luxury product but the brand flashing was not needed anymore. The trend also moved towards thinking more than showing. You could still be fashionable even if you didn't show it with brands. Maybe it was even more important to intellectuals, to understand it, to be part of the field, but not show it with brands anymore. The value was more inside than outside. Like the kings in France, when you have it all, there is no need to prove anything with clothes anymore.

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Aids In Africa

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Whenever I read an article about AIDS in Africa, I think about a friend that I met at the airport in Brasil. Kahuma was from Africa, and he was infected with HIV/AIDS virus. He told me in his letters that the virus developed so fast in his body because he was unable to see a doctor right away due to financial insufficiency. When he finally found out that he had AIDS, he had already lost 0 pounds and all of his hair. He was also unable to walk. At that point, he mentioned that he could not afford to pay for the medication that would prolong his life, and like others in the same financial situation, he died without the assistance necessary to treat the virus. Current evidence has shown that poverty has been identified as one of the major reasons for the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa.

A recent report by Desmond Cohen, the former director of the United Nations Development Programmers (HIV and Development Program) informs that of the 6 million persons, infected worldwide with HIV in 000, almost 70 percent, or 5. million are in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that of the 1.8 million persons who have died from HIV related illnesses since the start of the worldwide epidemic, 17 million were Africans (). In the case of Sub-Saharan Africa, the world Bank estimates that in 18, some 1 million people lived on less than US$1 a day, and that between 187 and 188, the percentage of the total Sub-Saharan African population living at this level, remained constant, which suggestes that poverty is a significant casual factor for infection poor people are more likely to become infected with HIV and the disease, in turn, intensifies their poverty (1). Cohen says that the characteristics of the poor are well known, as are some of the casual factors that contribute to a culture of poverty; children of the poor often become the poor of succeeding generations. Poverty is associated with weak endowment of human and financial resources, such as low levels of education, low litercay rates, few marketable skills, poor health status and consequently, low labor productivity. Poor households typically have few, if any, financial or other assests and are often politically and socially marginalized (). I think that Cohen as a researcher is well informed about the problems poverty produces. Many poor families in Africa, live in very bad conditions. Some of them dont have beds to sleep in, or sometimes they have to cut grass to make money for their needs. Most of the time, the children have no food or clothes; simple things like cups or pans are made of old food cans or coconut shells. Poor families have no access to TVs, telephones, microwaves, dishwashers, or other products used to make a home a better place. With the epidemic, many children, after their parents die, are left with their grandparents in homes without electricity or running water. Even though poverty did not generate the HIV virus, it facilitated the development of the disease.

One researcher that has several recent articles on HIV/AIDS and social context of Africa and Latin America is Eileen Stillwaggon. She has worked in Tanzania and Zimbabwe and is the author of Stunted Lives, Stagnant EconomiesPoverty, Disease and Underdevelopment. With all her expierences, she relates that poverty not only creates the biological conditions for greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, it also limits the options for treating disease. Infection with other STDs is an important co-factor for transmission of HIV. Genital ulcer diseases in particular, such as chancroid, provide an entry point for HIV. Such painful bacterial STDs are relatively uncommon in rich countries because of the availability of antibiotics (1). Stillwaggon, in her studies, concludes that reducing HIV transmission requires health education availability of condoms and also a broads assult on malnutrition, diarrheal diseases and parasitic diseases, including malaria and schistosomaiasis. To treat those already infected will require upgrading the health services infrastructure and expanding health education. The steps that are necessary for both prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS are the same as for addressing the other health and development needs for poor countries. ()

Stillwaggon believes that prevention does not replace treatment, but it does reduce the number of people whose lives will depend on expensive drugs with significant side effects. She says that the key to a good prevention program is understanding dynamics of disease transmission (1). I agree with Stillwaggon when she says that poverty contributes to a lot of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS. When members of a family get infected with the HIV virus, their lives change completly. If they are temporarily able to pay for their own medication and doctors visitation, sooner or later, everything will be taken away from them. At the beginning, they may lose their jobs, then they will lose all the money or any property they may have to the disease treatment. In countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, there is not much hope for those who cant pay for their own treatment. Once you get too sick, it is very bad to get your health back, because doing so would require a lot of doctors attention, a good diet rich in protein and carbohydrates, and all the medication necessary to fight the opportunistic infections. Without help, it is very hard to emerge from that situation. all the family members of the person infected with HIV will pay a high price. They will have to sacrafice anything important to them, so that they will be able to help the sick person. After that person dies, leaving the wife and children on their own, without hope, hungry and alone. Many times their mother turns to prostitution and the children become street children.

According to the reserachers information on poverty in Africa, it is making people more and more aware of the real problem and they are thinking about new ideas on how to help fight this disease that is draining South Africas economy. Programs such as manager care have been introduced in South Africa not only as a solution, but it does help to reduce health care expenditures. Because the people are aware of poverty becoming critical problem, the number of infected people should decrease. Today, the public is informed that the HIV/AIDS virus is more extensive in poor countries such as South Africa, due to the fact that the poor families infected with HIV/AIDS have no access to the drugs for treatment. Their hygiene conditions are very poor, and food is a constant problem, resulting in malnutrition.

I know that researchers have been spending a lot of time trying to discover new medications, vaccines and the cure for HIV/AIDS. I hope that this epedimic will bring the nations together in thoughts and desires to make this world a better place to live.

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Foreign Environments Affecting International Business

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Businesses in general experience a wealth of issues that impact their ability to conduct business and remain successful. This is even more so the case with international business. Forces external to the company can decide whether a business is successful or fails and in particular, financial and political forces have some of the greatest impacts on today's organizations. The intent of this paper is to discuss these forces and show specific examples of what many industries can experience when operating on a global scale.

Financial Forces

Typically businesses ride a financial rollercoaster when conducting business internationally. Currency has become one of the biggest financial hurdles to overcome when operating overseas. While this type of external force is considered uncontrollable, there are ways that businesses can mitigate negative financial hardship.

Fluctuating currency values can have both a positive and negative effect on organizations and it is crucial that financial managers plan for both. Establishing currency contracts with banks can help protect a corporation when the Yen value drops significantly and Asian business could be affected. It is important to be continually aware of exchange rates and have the ability to implement financial safety vehicles should a problem loom on the horizon.

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While a certain amount of risk is involved with fluctuating exchange rates, governments of the regions in which a company may operate have the potential to implement currency exchange controls which can have an equally devastating result. By restricting the use of a particular currency for international transactions, governments ultimately overvalue that currency compared to the open market, making it extraordinarily difficult to transact business economically.

Another financial force affecting businesses is a country's balance of payments (BOP). Should the country's BOP slide into deficit, this could be a result of inflation, causing that country's government to take action in several ways to overcome this BOP deficit. To encourage deflation, the administration may implement currency devaluation practices or other monetary policies intent on controlling the BOP. To counter this practice, an organization may consider seeking export incentives to provide relief.

Another area of great financial importance is taxation. When determining where to pursue business overseas, taxes can be very cost prohibitive, even when other financial, social and political forces are to their advantage. Skillfully negotiating a lower tax burden can be the difference in having the ability to offer a lower product price than ones competitor or not and should therefore be carefully considered.

Political Forces

The political forces affecting global businesses are ever-present and come in many forms. Ideological forces such as communism, socialism and capitalism play considerable roles in how well a business operates and must be considered when venturing into international commerce. Ideals such as communism and socialism make for difficult situations when pursuing free trade making expanding businesses opportunities in that region a difficult task.

While the basis of capitalism is free enterprise, it should not be construed as an perfectly harmonious environment in which to operate. Government maintains several areas in which it may control business through taxes, wages, employment conditions, safety, pollution, zoning and other areas.

Typically, it is assumed that socialist and communist countries are the only ones in which the government owns businesses but nationalization of business is farther reaching than where these systems exist. The practice of nationalization of business can be to support companies that provide necessary but not profitable goods and services for the country but also use the business to funnel more funds into government itself.

From a positive aspect, protection of business by government such as in the areas of farming and mining can positively affect business in general. The farming industry as a whole may experience financial difficulties but it may be necessary for the government to provide protection or assistance for the good of the nation.

Politically, terrorism remains in the forefront of the minds of many managers. Businesses operating internationally are particularly susceptible to terrorist threats and attacks and must incorporate their protective measures into their daily business plans. Companies can be subject to acts such as kidnapping of corporate executives for ransom or the bombing of contracted construction sites intended to cripple the government. It is imperative for businesses to not only be aware but be prepared with countermeasures intended to thwart the attempts of terrorists as well as a means of helping the company recover from an attack.

Other political forces affecting global businesses are the governments themselves and their ability to maintain a stable environment. Every country may deal with the unexpected happenings of fiscal or monetary changes, but governments that can maintain relatively stable during these changes are ideal. When the political environment of a country is in flux, this can also impact the businesses importing to, exporting from or operating in that country. Should that country be in the midst of hostile actions toward other nations, businesses can certainly suffer.

In the US and Europe, labor unions are a political force that can have great impact on operations. American labor unions have strong political ties and are quite active in the political arena. Their influence can affect many types of legislative decisions that will ultimately affect a company's ability to conduct business. Strikes or poorly negotiated labor agreements can allow the union to force businesses into decisions that may ultimately lead to their own demise.

Here we've seen examples of financial and political forces affecting international business but have universality regardless of region. Financially, currency rates have an impact on business whether a company operates abroad or not. With businesses being interconnected the way they are, the yen rate and the euro rate will both influence how large and small business alike can function. Inflation and BOP play a very large part in how we do business overall regardless of where in the world we are located and it is a very important factor when making business decisions. Politically, governmental control, social ideals like communism and stability of the current regime can dictate whether Starbuck will open stores in Nepal or Nice, Frankfurt or France. The choices governments make to nationalize or privatize can even determine the fate of McDonalds. That being the case, every business operating at an international level must assess its risk in that country before making a commitment. Understanding the economic, social and political nature of a country will be key to that business' future.

References

Ball, D.A., McCulloch, W.H., International Business The Challenge of Global Competition, (7th ed). Chicago Irwin McGraw-Hill 1

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The Iskos and Iskas of the Philippines

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It is Sunday noon. The atmosphere is a bit humid though the sun is high up in the sky.

Families are having lunch in the cement benches surrounding the lagoon. The children are throwing stones at the muddy pond situated in the middle. Students are jogging around the lagoon. This is the typical picture of the UP Lagoon during Sundays, the only day of the week when there are no classes. The lagoon has become a park for those families having quality time with each other. It has become a stress-relieving venue for UP students trying to recharge for the coming fast-paced academic week.

While observing UP students, I cannot help but compare them to Ateneo students. True enough, the differences are apparently great. These obvious differences have been comically transformed into school jokes circulated through email and text messages. The usual content of these school jokes would be the simplicity of UP students, the sophistication of Ateneo students, and the ludicrous classiness of La Salle students (though I will not talk about them in this article).

The most noticeable of these differences would be their dressing habits. UP students dress in different ways, but they all dress in a simple way. You will even notice some students walking around in their house clothes. Some are in athletic outfit, though they don't appear showy or athletic at all. Some guys wear old, faded jeans that really don't seem to match their shirts. Some just go with sandals or slippers on their feet. You will hardly notice students wearing nice clothes, perhaps a few, but just a few. Students don't apply perfumes. If they do, it would be probably one of the cheap scents. In terms of makeup, the girls are divided on this. Some don't wear makeup, just lipstick probably but not the full facial makeup. The other girls would be the ones who wear makeup but overdo applying it. In effect, these girls would look older by ten years. While most Ateneans, on the other hand, really have some fashion sense. Most wear nice clothes though not the flashy ones. However, there are those who are really on the extreme students who make a daily fashion statement. You may even take them for ramp models making the corridors in Berchmans and Kostka their own personal catwalks.

The next best difference between UP and Ateneo students is the fact that UP students speak Filipino more often. In the street, in school, in class, outside class; they speak Filipino everywhere. Even their freshmen orientation guide is written in Filipino. The fliers, bills, posters most of them are in Filipino. This is indeed the University of the Philippines, where everything is in Filipino. Though majority of the students in the Ateneo speak in Filipino outside classes, you can't escape those coño students speaking Taglish. These are the students who hardly speak Filipino and if they do, they could barely speak straight Filipino. Coño students are ostracized in UP. If they hear you speaking Taglish there, you'll probably be left to yourself.

In terms of food, UP students generally opt for the cheaper kind. Isaw, fishball, squidball serve as snacks to hungry Iskos and Iskas (as what UP students call themselves, shortened form for Iskolar). Vendors selling these snacks line up along the street waiting for the students to come out. Different turo-turo fastfoods, with meals ranging from P 0 to P 100, are all around the campus. Similarly, most Ateneans also opt for the cheap kind. There is Manang's, which is typically full during lunch breaks. Still, the more sophisticated Ateneans would really go out to eat lunch in one of the restaurants lined along Katipunan.

Apart from a few fortunate students who drive their own cars to school, UP students commute on jeepneys when they travel around the campus. There are the famous UP Ikot and Toki jeepneys, which have become institutions of their own in UP. Compare that to the Ateneo, where many students, especially the upperclassmen, have cars of their own. That's why heavy traffic is a common occurrence during mornings, when students come to class and afternoons, when they are dismissed from class.

It is evident that the Ateneo is trying to instill Filipino culture on its students. The Tanghalang Ateneo produces plays in Filipino. The Filipino publication, the Matanglawin is there to change the elitist image of Ateneans. In fact, it is part of our school's vision that Ateneo is a Filipino University. These concerted efforts are making some definite progress in reviving Filipino culture in the school.

But as for now, I have to admit that UP students are more representative of Filipinos than Ateneans. UP students are those you would expect to see crossing in Edsa, shopping in SM, or struggling to take a place in the MRT, just like how an enormous majority of Filipinos go about their daily lives. UP students would be the ones you'll find in turo-turo fastfoods, where most Filipinos eat their meals.

UP students represent the ideals of the Filipino youth energetic, intelligent, ambitious, capable and eager to excel. Behind the boisterous laughter, the incessant shouting, and the rudimentary ways of UP students are the Filipino values of patience, industry, and excellence. Behind the street-painting, Oblation-running, and rally-going UP student is the restless Filipino spirit and the peculiar Filipino "inclination" to disorder. No wonder our country is usually in the middle of some turmoil political or social. The often-rebellious nature of the students also corresponds to the defiant character of Filipinos we have toppled the corrupt governments of Marcos and Estrada. Behind the fraternities, sororities, and orgs, which are central to a UP student's life, is the particular need for belongingness a Filipino trait that has become more of a craving than a need. This craving becomes detrimental to the Filipino when it degenerates to mindless hazing and unreasonable violence.

UP students possess many Filipino attitudes and behavior, the good and the bad altogether. The University itself is a microcosm of the Philippines, where what is to be found in the Philippines can be found there. The University and its students epitomize the Philippines and the Filipino people. These Iskos and Iskas, the "Scholars of the Country", possess the future for the Philippines and the Filipinos.

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PICTURES WORTH WORDS

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What happens when we look at pictures, or at written words, or at pictures and words together? Is there a further effect when we hear words spoken along with visual or written material? We find evidence that visual material has strong influences on memory and learning, but its effectiveness for learning depends on the goal of the instruction as well as learning abilities and preferences.

Physical objects and events that can ordinarily be seen and actions that can be performed in the everyday world can be represented artistically, in drawings, sketches, caricatures and paintings, in still photography and in motion pictures, or in computer simulations. These illustrations are what are referred to as pictures.

Contrasted to these real-life representations are illustrations that visually describe hierarchies, sequences of events, or relationships between concepts or statistics. They take forms such as graphs, diagrams, geometric models, line charts, bar charts, scatter plots, maps, network charts, flow charts, time lines, data tables, trees, webs, matrixes, pie charts, Venn diagrams, classifications of plants and animals, sequences of events such as chemical reactions and nutrient cycles, diagrams of sentence structure, and other such graphic organizers or visual analogies.

A number of widely acknowledged phenomena suggest that pictures and words are processed differently. Research shows that most individuals read with the left-brain hemisphere, but the right hemisphere can understand some written information referring to concrete, picturable objects (Benson 1818). Damage to the left hemisphere resulted in Japanese subjects having problems understanding syllabic kana, which have more auditory aspects, while damage to the right hemisphere resulted in problems understanding kanji, which are more nonphonetic and visual. (Benson 1818).

One often observed effect suggests that pictures and words do not share a common processing system Pictures are inevitably remembered better than words on tasks of recall and recognition (Park & Gabrieli 1515). This picture superiority effect is an established memory phenomenon, in that experiments have repeatedly shown that memory for pictorial stimuli is extremely accurate, durable, and extensive compared to that for verbal stimuli (Noldy, Stelmack, & Campbell, 10417). Pictures become even easier to remember when the objects are not just side-by-side but are shown interacting, e.g., a car crashing into a tree (Wollen & Lowry(1718).

A theory to explain why pictures are memorable says that the processing of pictures in the brain needs additional allocation of attentional resources or effort (Noldy, Stelmack, & Campbell 10418). Noldy, Stelmack, & Campbells (10) EEG recordings of brain ERP (Event-Related Potential) waves showed that it took longer to name a picture than to read the verbal label of the picture. Park & Gabrielis (15158) participants also named pictures more slowly than they read words. Investigations of elementary learning processes, such as free-association reactions to words, drawings, and objects, have since the 140s found a longer reaction time to pictures than to words (Otto 16).

Pictures are more complex than the words that label the pictures, so more time and attention is needed to identify, or name, a picture. We spend more time looking at pictures (or real-life objects) before we can name them, so we remember pictures better. We spend less time looking at words in sentences, so we do not remember the sentences exactly-though we remember the gist. Pictures are also more distinctive and more unique than the words that label them, which further makes pictures more memorable.

We learn from experience what things belong together in categories; we have learned the connections between different concepts. In picture and word experiments, this effect of being able to quickly spot the relationships between pieces of information is known as the priming or context effect, or the expectancy mechanism (Borowsky & Besner 181). Words as well as pictures are read or understood faster when preceded by a related context. For instance, it is easier to identify the word butter when it comes after bread than when it comes after doctor.

Learning, by making connections between pieces of information and understanding their relationship, suggests that presenting pictures and words together to create connections between them will similarly be beneficial. A large body of research shows that learning can be affected positively when text and illustrations are presented together.

For adults, say Di Vesta, Ingersoll, & Sunshine (171478), use of imagery is a strategy preference, while for children it is a skill. Teaching children to construct mental images as they read enhances their abilities to construct inferences, make predictions, and remember what has been read, say Gambrell & Brooks Jawitz (165). Their study (Gambrell & Brooks Jawitz 1) showed that second and fifth graders who were told Remember to make pictures in your head outperformed the control group who were instructed to Read to remember. Mental imagery, they found, by encouraging an active engagement with the text, was even more effective than illustrations for reading comprehension, as the children recalled more story structure and wrote stories that are more complete.

Though they found an absence of a direct instructional value of pictures, Solman & Wu (154) refer to numerous studies that suggest that one great benefit of pictures is to enhance the incentive to learn. The affective factors such as attitude, motivation, and interest may lead learners to pay more attention and put in more effort, which may lead better learning. Pictures may also enhance the long-term retention of the words since the dual-coding effect and the greater effort made to process information and establish the relationship between the various sources of information may make learned information more resistant to memory loss (Solman & Wu 15 5).

Some people have a natural or a learned preference for visual material, and learning requires less effort when they can use their preferred material. Pictures can be understood very quickly. The global meaning or the gist of a picture can generally be attained in an easy and rapid way. Memory seems to store information in webs of relationships, so the benefit of placing pictures together with text comes from the possibility of making connections between the two types of information. One of the most beneficial effects of pictures, as seen in several observations is that cheerful, interesting illustrations provide motivation to study, thus, in supplementing a story in technical writing the picture is worth 1,000 words.

Please note that this sample paper on PICTURES WORTH WORDS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on PICTURES WORTH WORDS, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on PICTURES WORTH WORDS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Taggerung

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Mrs. Schenkle

Taggerung Brian Jacques

For those of you who have read the book Taggerung you have already partaken in one of the greatest action books in America. For those of you who have not you better get to the nearest library and check out this book. This boook is about a young otter named Deyna of Redwall and his journey to find out who he is.

The story begins in the camp of a gang of savages known only as the Juskarath. The leader of the tribe is Sawney Rath is consulting with his seer named Grissoul. She has predicted the birth of the Taggerung, a mythical beast that is stronger, faster, and deadlier than any beast ever. As they are about to leave to where he is going to be, one of the other beasts from the tribe named Antigra steps forward and tells them that there is no need to leave because her son is the Taggerung. When Sawney tells her to stop talking she makes her husband, named Gruven, stand up to him. Sawney quickly kills him and forces Antigra to name her son after her husband.

At Redwall Filorn had just given birth to her son Deyna and his dad Rillflag decides to take him to the river. Just as they are arriving at the river Sawney and his tribe are waiting there for them. They quickly kill Rillflag and steal Deyna and run off to their camp. He then names the otter Tagg. Back at Redwall a rabbit named Baroob as come to join the Redwallers and is put on probation to see if he can behave himself.

The book then takes place fifteen years later at the Juskarath camp. In his anger Sawney has thrown his blade at Felch and missed causing it to fly into the forest. He tells him to retrieve his knife and when he returns he will cut off Felch's ear. When felch finally finds the knife he knows that the Taggerung will surely be after him. He hides in the river under a rock ledge and waits for morning. When he wakes up Tagg is standing in front of him holding Sawney's blade. He drags him back to camp and lays him before the chief. Before this tagg has never killed anyone and always disobeys Sawney whenever he is told to do something. To test Tagg's loyalty he orders him to skin Felch alive. After awhile tagg decides not to and he frees Felch. They both rub into the forest and hope that Sawney never finds them.

Meanwhile Antigra is up in a tree getting eggs when she sees Tagg run by. Just then Sawney comes by, and since Antigra thinks her son should be chief, she hits him between the eyes with a slingshot. When she gets down to see if he is dead Felch comes by. When she gets back she tells them that Tagg killed Sawney, and she makes Gruven chief. He immedieately sets off with a hunting party to kill Tagg. The party was made up of Gruven, Eefera, Dagrab, Ribrow, Grobiat, Milkeye, Rabbad, Vallug, and Rawback.

As Tagg is traveling he keeps having a re-acurring dream of a biulding with red walls and a mouse clad in armor. After awhile he sees the mountains and decides to there. But he meets a group of moles and they become friends.

While he is in their cave Gruven and his company go by. They reach a river and need to cross it. As they are doing this some fish that kill Rabbad and wound Grobiat attacks them.

Tagg is walking across the plains when he rescues a mouse named Nimbalo from a snake. It starts to rain and Tagg and Nimbalo hide in a cave for shelter, while Gruven and company go in a rock ledge, but beacause of Grobiat's injury he can not climb and is swept away.

Gruven's party reached the mountains first. When no one is lookin Vallug and Eefra sneak off to track Tagg by themselves. Tagg and Nimbalo met a group of pigmy shrews and stays with them. Gruven decides to go back and when he does he finds the town of the shrews. They cause a landslide and they took all the food. Tagg comes out and attacks them. They all run away, but Ribrow gets caught and is tied to a tree. When they wake up the shrews have killed Ribrow.

After a while Tagg comes upon Nimbalo's father's house. When they get inside his father is dead, killed by Dagrab. Vallug and Eefra are at Redwall telling everyone inside to give them the Taggerung. As they are waiting Gruven and his crew come up, but they do not see the others. Them Gruven is taken prisoner. When they get insight of Redwall Tagg and Nimbalo split up to see if they can get inside. Nimbalo is caught and Tagg is knocked out as he enters the city. They use Nimbalo to try to negotiat with the Juskarath, but when they do Tagg wakes up, hears them and rushes out the door. He is shot but that does not phaes him. He beheads Vallug, kills Eafra, Rawback runs into the swamp, but Gruven gets away. After this Tagg is healed and is reunited with his famil.

When Gruven gets back to camp his tribe has been taken over by the Juskabor. He makes up lies about how everyone died, but he killed Tagg. He told them that he put the body in the swamp. When he is questioned he tells the real story which makes him look real bad. Then the camp travels to Redwall to kill Tagg.

When they arrive at Redwall Tagg looks completely different so they do not recongnize him. He tells them that Tagg is dead and that he is Deyan. Gruven gets excited because if he killed Tagg then he would be the Taggerung. Then the chief of the clan comes over and kills Gruven. As they were about to attack Redwall an army of rabbits called the "Long Patrol" comes and surrounds them. The Juskabor surrender and leave everything alone.

I think that the theme in this story is that no matter who you are and no matter what you are supposed to be you have the ability to change that and to be whatever you want. In the story Tagg was destined to be the greatest warrior ever, but he chose a more peaceful life-style.

What is good about this boo is all the action, for example in almost every chapter there was a fight scene or war scene. This story has a grat story line. This book kept me reading and wanting to find out what happens at the end of the book. I am definitely goin to read the rest of the Redwall series.

There was also some bad parts of this book. There were way to many chapters of Redwall that were very slow and not exciting. I think the author got his point across, and I really enjoyed reading this book and can not wait till I get the next one.

I would definitely recommend this book to anyone looking for an exciting action

Please note that this sample paper on Taggerung is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Taggerung, we are here to assist you. Your paper on Taggerung will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!